The absorption-enhanced colon-targeted delivery system is a novel colon-targeted delivery system with outstanding colonic adhesion capacity and enhanced colonic absorption function. Compared with the traditional colon-targeted delivery system, it has some advantages such as precisely control of release sites and action time, increased specific surface area and enhanced targeted adhesion efficiency. In this paper, we review the literature on absorption-enhanced colon-targeted delivery systems in terms of their types, structures and preparation methods as well as substances that can be delivered using them, and we summarizes the in vivo and in vitro evaluation methods for absorption-enhanced colon-targeted delivery systems. Moreover, we give an outlook on the current and potential applications of absorption-enhanced colon-targeted delivery systems. Through this review, we conclude that absorption-enhanced colon-targeted delivery systems provide a feasible and innovative method to analyze the mechanism behinds the health benefits of foodborne biocompounds.