In order to further expand the application range of lithium batteries, the high-rate pulse charging characteristics of lithium-ion batteries in different state of charge were studied based on the high-power energy recovery in electromagnetic launch scenarios. Based on the pseudo-two-dimensions electrochemical model, a high-rate pulse charging model of high-power lithium batteries was established by optimizing the diffusion coefficient. This model was used to analyze the variation of lithium deposition potential of lithium batteries charged by high-rate pulse with different state of charge. Through the cycling experiment and post-mortem analysis of lithium batteries, the aging behavior and aging mechanism of lithium batteries in different state of charge high-rate pulse charging were studied, and the aging mechanism is consistent with the simulation analysis results. The above research results can not only provide a reference for the application of lithium batteries in high-power energy recovery scenarios, but also provide a reference for the optimization of fast-charging lithium batteries.