Road infrastructure is vital to Ethiopia’s economic growth and regional integration, yet it faces persistent challenges such as resource limitations, stakeholder misalignment, and weak risk management. This study investigates the critical success factors (CSFs) affecting road construction performance in Dessie, Ethiopia, and explores the role of intelligent construction (IC) technologies in addressing these issues. A mixed-methods approach was adopted, beginning with qualitative interviews of 10 industry professionals, followed by a survey of 135 engineers, managers, and policymakers. Twenty-six CSFs were identified and grouped into six domains: resource, stakeholder, communication, risk, budget, and time management. Quantitative analysis using the relative importance index (RII) and reliability testing (α = 0.885) revealed the material quality, stakeholder trust, and timely procurement as the most influential factors. A hybrid project framework is proposed, integrating traditional methods with IC tools such as building information modeling (BIM), artificial intelligence (AI)-driven risk forecasting, and drone-assisted monitoring. The findings show that IC integration enhances planning accuracy, stakeholder coordination, and project resilience. This study presents a practical, adaptable model for improving construction performance in emerging economies and supports data-driven strategies aligned with local conditions. The results aim to inform policymakers, contractors, and planners working toward sustainable and technology-driven infrastructure development in Ethiopia.