Glutamine peptides (Gln peptides) refer to bioactive peptides containing glutamine (Gln) monomers at the non-N-terminus. Gln peptides are mainly derived from wheat proteins, corn proteins and other plant proteins, with strong stability, easy digestion and a variety of biological activities. In recent years, the development and application of Gln peptides have attracted the attention of researchers at home and abroad. In this article, the preparation methods and structure analysis of Gln peptides are reviewed, with the aim of providing new ideas for the development of bioactive peptides with characteristic structures. In addition, this article summarizes the biological activities of Gln peptides such as protecting intestinal activity, alleviating depression, antioxidant, anti-fatigue and immunomodulatory effects in order to provide a new perspective for promoting human nutritional health and related disease intervention. Finally, this article concludes with an outlook on the future application prospects of Gln peptides in the food field, aiming to provide a theoretical reference for improving the nutritional value and enhancing the health benefits of Gln peptides.