Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is a chemiluminescence phenomenon triggered by electrochemical techniques. It has the advantages of near-zero background, high sensitivity, wide detection range, and good controllability, which has been widely commercialized in the field of in vitro diagnosis. Therefore, ECL has become one of the current research hotspots in the fields of food safety and environmental monitoring. This article summarizes the mechanism and system composition of ECL, and focuses on the application of ECL combined with immunoassay, and aptamer or molecular imprinting technology in the detection of mycotoxins. Finally, the major problems and challenges in the application of ECL in food safety detection are proposed and analyzed.