Extracellular vesicles (EVs), emerging as a novel category of postbiotics, possess various bioactive functions. Probiotic-derived EVs are nanoscale lipid bilayer particles secreted by probiotics into the extracellular matrix, which cannot self-replicate. These EVs carry bioactive molecules including lipids, proteins and nucleic acids, which enable them to mediate intercellular communication and regulate various host physiological processes and health outcomes. This article reviews the structure, formation mechanism, isolation methods and bioactivities of probiotic EVs, and discusses their potential and challenges in food applications. It aims to provide references for the application of probiotic EVs in functional foods and their development modes.

Anthocyanins are ubiquitous in plants, and many studies indicate that they possess diverse biological activities depending on their bioaccessibility and bioavailability. Numerous studies have revealed that absorption and transport by intestinal epithelial cells are crucial factors for determining the bioavailability of anthocyanins. Consequently, intestinal cell absorption models have been extensively employed to investigate the absorption and transport of anthocyanins and the underlying mechanisms. This article presents an outline of the intestinal cell models employed to investigate the absorption and transport of functionally active compounds, and highlights the underlying mechanisms of anthocyanin uptake and transport, especially based on the Caco-2 cell monolayer model. We hope that this review will provide a reference for future research to explore the absorption and utilization of functionally active constituents in intestinal cell models.