Proton-conducting reversible solid oxide cells (P-RSOCs), capable of conversion of chemical energy and electrical energy with a high efficiency and a low cost due to the low activation energy for proton transport, low operating temperature and fuel flexibility, is considered as one of the most promising electrochemical devices for energy storage and conversion. This review represented recent research progress on P-RSOCs. The material systems and fabrication processes of electrolytes and electrodes were discussed. The application prospect and future direction of P-RSOCs were analyzed as well. The perovskite-based oxides are regarded as the critical materials of P-RSOCs due to the diversified composition and modification methods. The fuels flexibility, electrolyte-electrode interface, and the long-term stability are challenges for the development of P-RSOCs.