where environmental sustainability is at the forefront of societal concerns In the current global context, the imperative for clean, renewable energy sources has never been more pronounced. This study addresses the multifaceted challenges inherent in traditional greenhouse production systems, ranging from inefficiencies in energy utilization to the deleterious consequences of environmental pollution and the escalating costs associated with conventional energy sources. In response to these challenges, a groundbreaking renewable energy system has been conceptualized, ingeniously intertwining the utilization of solar and air energy. This innovative system, crafted with a keen consideration for the seasonal utilization of equipment, is explored through the lens of four distinctive operational strategies. A comprehensive comparative analysis is conducted, encompassing thermal dynamics, environmental impact, and economic feasibility, juxtaposed against traditional systems, both on typical days and over the course of a year. In the scrutiny of a typical day, the newly proposed system showcases a plethora of advantages over its traditional counterparts. The primary energy saving rate attains a commendable 24.67%, accompanied by a significant 23.22% reduction in carbon dioxide emissions and a noteworthy 17.04% decrease in operating costs. These figures underscore the system's capacity to efficiently harness renewable energy on a daily basis, thereby reducing reliance on conventional energy sources and concurrently mitigating environmental pollutants. Simultaneously, the pronounced reduction in operating costs renders the system economically appealing, presenting a sustainable solution for agricultural production. These findings highlight the immediate and tangible benefits that the new system can deliver to end-users, providing not only environmental advantages but also substantial economic incentives. Expanding the purview to an annual perspective, a more exhaustive examination of different operational strategies is undertaken. The primary energy saving rates corresponding to strategies 1, 2, 3, and 4 within the annual dimension are 60.23%, 70.43%, 70.53%, and 63.69% respectively, and the carbon dioxide emission reduction rates are 222.90%, 266.35%, 269.56% and 223.00% respectively. The operating cost saving rates are 227.12%, 272.38%, 302.56%, and 239.81% respectively, and the investment payback periods are 2.51 years, 2.35 years, 2.21 years, and 2.09 years respectively. Underscoring the system's rapid return on investment and enhancing its practicality and economic viability. Beyond the numerical data, the study delves into the nuanced energy characteristics of the system across both annual and typical day operations. This comprehensive understanding includes the positive environmental ramifications, such as diminished greenhouse gas emissions and heightened energy utilization efficiency. The innovative system not only represents a technological milestone but also furnishes the agricultural sector with a sustainable and eco-friendly solution. By elucidating the intricate interplay of energy dynamics, the study contributes to a holistic understanding of the system's impact on the environment and the agricultural ecosystem. A pivotal revelation of this study revolves around the operational duration and temporal differentials of the air-source heat pump, identified as pivotal factors influencing the overall system performance. This insight lays the foundation for future refinements and optimizations, as understanding the temporal intricacies can contribute significantly to enhancing the system's stability and adaptability. It also underscores the importance of continuous monitoring and fine-tuning to optimize performance under varying climatic conditions. In conclusion, the proposed renewable energy system not only achieves significant technological advancements but also boasts substantial economic and environmental advantages. Its adeptness in efficient energy utilization, coupled with notable economic savings and environmental amelioration, positions it as an optimal choice for the future of agricultural production. Through this research, we offer profound insights and a comprehensive theoretical framework, advocating for the widespread adoption of renewable energy in agriculture and infusing renewed vigor into the realm of sustainable societal development. The study not only contributes to the academic discourse on renewable energy but also provides actionable insights for practitioners and policymakers alike, paving the way for a more sustainable and ecologically responsible future in greenhouse production.

In order to solve the problem of efficient heat dissipation of miniaturized electronic devices and the difficulty of horizontal operation of pulsating heat pipe, this study designed a non-symmetry micro-channel flat plate pulsating heat pipe (NCPHP) and built an experimental platform for its heat transfer performance. By controlling different incline angles, filling rate and cooling water temperature, the operation characteristics of NCPHP were investigated under the structure design of non-symmetry channel. The results show that the thermal resistance of NCPHP is sensitive to the change of incline angle at 30% and 50% filling rate, and the dry-out phenomenon of NCPHP is observed at 30% filling rate. At 50% filling rate, the thermal resistance of NCPHP can be as low as 0.622 and 0.545 K/W when incline angle is −5° and 0°, respectively. The minimum thermal resistance of NCPHP was 0.415 K/W when the incline angle is 60° and the filling rate is 50%. When the incline angle is −5° and the liquid filling rate is 50%, and the heating power reaches 40 W, the temperature in the evaporation section of NCPHP continues to rise in a short time, but this phenomenon disappears and changes into a stable and fluctuating characteristic when the heating power reaches 50 W. The influence of cooling water temperature on the average temperature difference in the evaporation section of NCPHP decreases with the increase of heating power. At 50% liquid filling rate, the temperature difference of NCPHP evaporation section decreases from 5.1 ℃ at 30 W to 4.2 ℃ at 60 W. Lower cooling water temperature can delay the dry-out phenomenon of 30% liquid filling rate.

The BIOMASS-CCHP system has been one of the most promising key technologies in the field of renewable energy. Excellent development prospects can be integrated with biomass gasification, anaerobic fermentation, direct combustion, and energy utilization. Biomass resources are characterized by large reserves, wide distribution, low-pollution, renewable, transportable, and storable energy. The high efficiency of cooling, heating and electricity can also be achieved, compared with solar and wind energy. The stable output can be used to compensate for the inherent instability in time and space of other renewable energy. This article systematically reviewed the development, integration, operation mode, multi-dimensional evaluation, and optimization of the BIOMASS-CCHP system. Future research directions were also given from many aspects. First of all, the biomass resources were classified, according to the continuous maturity of advanced technologies in biomass gasification, anaerobic fermentation, and direct combustion. Reliable technical support was provided for the combined cooling, heating, and electrical fertilizer production. Secondly, the entire process management of biomass resources was emphasized for the system integration, including biomass collection, conversion, storage, and energy production. The system structure and process flow were designed for the efficient conversion and comprehensive utilization of energy, particularly for the better performance of the overall system. In operating mode, the biomass energy was converted into electrical, heat, and cold energy. The operating mode was optimized for the flexible allocation of energy output, meeting different energy needs, and the adaptability and economy of the system. The multi-dimensional evaluation was implemented to fully consider the system's economy, environmental friendliness, and social benefits. A better understanding was gained of the sustainable development and social benefits of the system. Finally, the system was optimized for long-term stable operation. Technological innovation and process optimization can greatly contribute to improving the efficiency of energy utilization. Pollution emissions can also be reduced to make the system more environmentally friendly, economical and sustainable. Future development directions included the efficient energy conversion of biomass, the application of intelligent control systems, and collaborative optimization with other renewable energy sources. Carbon capture and utilization can also be introduced to strengthen social participation and educational promotion, in order to promote international cooperation and standard setting for the economic feasibility of the system. The quantitative assessment of socio-economic benefits will further promote biomass energy coupled cooling, heating and electrical cogeneration worldwide. To sum up, the key issues were proposed in the development foundation, system integration, operating mode, multi-dimensional evaluation, and system optimization. At the same time, the future development direction can be required for the joint efforts of more scientific research institutions, enterprises, and society. Biomass energy coupling systems can greatly contribute to the sustainable development of renewable energy.