The fast growth of mobile autonomous machines from traditional equipment to unmanned autonomous vehicles has fueled the demand for accurate and reliable localization solutions in diverse application domains. Ultra Wide Band (UWB) technology has emerged as a promising candidate for addressing this need, offering high precision, immunity to multipath interference, and robust performance in challenging environments. In this comprehensive survey, we systematically explore UWB-based localization for mobile autonomous machines, spanning from fundamental principles to future trends. To the best of our knowledge, this review paper stands as the pioneer in systematically dissecting the algorithms of UWB-based localization for mobile autonomous machines, covering a spectrum from bottom-ranging schemes to advanced sensor fusion, error mitigation, and optimization techniques. By synthesizing existing knowledge, evaluating current methodologies, and highlighting future trends, this review aims to catalyze progress and innovation in the field, unlocking new opportunities for mobile autonomous machine applications across diverse industries and domains. Thus, it serves as a valuable resource for researchers, practitioners, and stakeholders interested in advancing the state-of-the-art UWB-based localization for mobile autonomous machines.