The air data sensing system provides the necessary parameters for aircraft flight control, delivery and trajectory control, such as static pressure, total pressure, angle of attack, and sideslip angle. The inter-generation development of aircraft has induced the evolution of the basic element acquisition method for parameter calculation of air data sensing systems from direct type to decoupled extraction. This paper summarized and refined the configuration and development history of the air data sensing system and systematically analyzed the causes and processes of configuration evolution for the air data sensing system, the principle of air parameter calculation model, the diagnosis and detection process of fault air parameters, and system reconstruction model. It also summarized the key research directions for configuration and parameter solution design of air data sensing systems for aircraft in the future.