The radome and aircraft are often connected by adhesive bonding and auxiliary connection. With the development of aircraft technologies, higher requirements are raised by severe thermo-mechanical environments for the properties of bonding structure during flight. In practical engineering applications, the linear elastic constitutive model is usually used as the constitutive model of adhesives for analysis. The calculation results often greatly deviate from the actual bearing capacity, and it is difficult to accurately simulate the mechanical behavior of the related bonding structures. The frequently used bilinear cohesive constitutive model was employed in this paper. First, the constitutive model was calibrated by the test results of the actual performance of the adhesive. Then, the effectiveness of the model under a complex stress environment was further verified by the performance test of the actual bonding structure at the level of the surface plate. The verified constitutive model was used to analyze the bonding strength for aircraft-level radome, and the results were compared with the actual test results. The calculation accuracy of the model was verified, which provided an effective way for accurately predicting the bonding strength of similar structures in the future.