Rare-earth-doped glasses have been demonstrated as highly promising scintillator materials, particularly for X-ray imaging applications. However, challenges such as high defect density, low luminescence efficiency, and poor spatial resolution remain, primarily attributed to high phonon energy, inefficient energy transfer (ET), and light scattering in glass materials. Herein, we report a successfully designed dual-sensitized codoped Gd-based oxyfluoride glass scintillator that can achieve high internal quantum efficiency (IQE, 97.5%), excellent X-ray luminescence (XEL) intensity (216% Bi₄Ge₃O₁₂), high optical transparency (approximately 90% at 550 nm), and good radiation stability by using Tb³⁺ as the luminescent center, synergistically incorporating Gd³⁺ and Ce³⁺. Specifically, the optimized glass scintillator can achieve a spatial resolution of up to 32.6 lp·mm⁻¹ for X-ray imaging, coupled with an exceptionally low detection limit of 1.03 μGy·s⁻¹. Additionally, the developed glass scintillator enables irregular-shaped and large-scale fabrication (diameter: 5 cm) that is difficult to accomplish with conventional scintillator materials. The developed material offers a new option for developing low-cost, high-performance glass scintillators for high-resolution X-ray imaging.

Although glass-ceramic (GC) scintillators offer improved performance by combining the advantages of both glass and crystalline materials, achieving an optimal balance between crystallinity and transparency through in situ crystallization in glass is still challenging. To address this problem, this work proposes a comprehensive strategy for regulating the heat treatment temperature, adjusting the amount of raw materials for precipitated nanocrystals, and modifying the glass network structure. Taking NaLuF₄:Tb³⁺-based GC as an example, the results show that optimal conditions, including heat treatment at 700 °C, a total molar percentage of 31.33% for NaF, LuF₃, and TbF₃, and a Si/Al ratio of 5.09, yield GC with 58% crystallinity and 90% transmittance at 542 nm, which are notably superior to those of most other reported high-performance oxyfluoride GC. The corresponding light yield, detection limit, and image resolution are 10,200 photons·MeV⁻¹, 1.26 nGy·s⁻¹, and 25.3 lp·mm⁻¹, respectively, with the resolution exceeding values reported for most fluoride glass- and GC-based scintillators. These findings provide valuable insights into the design of high-performance GC scintillators with high crystallinity and transmittance.