With the acceleration of industrialization, heavy metal pollution has become increasingly severe, posing a significant threat to human health. In recent years, various biosensors have been widely used for heavy metal detection. Among them, electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensors have garnered attention due to their high sensitivity, rapid response, and real-time detection capability. Noble-metal nanocomposite materials play an important role in enhancing sensor performance due to their unique physicochemical properties. This paper summarizes the latest research progress on ECL sensors based on noble-metal nanocomposite materials in heavy metal detection. It emphasizes the role of the nanocomposite materials in improving sensor sensitivity and discusses their performance in heavy metal detection, as well as the design principles and specificity of ECL sensors. Furthermore, it discusses future prospects for improving sensor performance and optimizing the application of microfluidic platforms through technological advancements. We hope that this review will provide more effective solutions for challenges in food safety testing.