Energy transition is imperative in the context of limited resources and environmental governance. The promotion of energy transition must ensure both economic and environmental benefits, which puts a high demand on the measurement of energy transition and the choice of paths. This study innovatively applies the improved technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TOPSIS) model to quantify the level of energy transition across Chinese provinces, with the aim of revealing the characteristics and patterns of transition. The study also analyses the influencing factors of energy transition through the fixed-effects model, providing a scientific basis for the policy formulation of energy transition. The study finds that China’s energy transition level is showing a steady rising trend, with significant regional differences. The eastern region’s level of energy transition is the highest, while the northeast region is relatively lagging behind. Beijing, Guangdong, and other cutting-edge economic areas have achieved remarkable results in their energy transition. Technological progress and urbanization rates can positively contribute to the energy transition process, whereas the degree of openness to the outside world, industrial structure and ownership structure can inhibit the energy transition. Therefore, government policies and strategic planning should carefully consider the impact of all elements with a view to building a comprehensive and coordinated framework for energy transition that can lead the country towards sustainable development goals.