In order to improve traffic operation of freeway bridge sections in fog, this paper proposed a human factor-oriented operation risk active warning prevention and control strategy for bridges. This strategy integrates traditional traffic safety facilities with intelligent technologies such as risk warning, dynamic speed limits, and visual guidance. Through changes in prevention and control levels under different risk levels, the facility resources were fully utilized to achieve the goal of multi-level and differentiated prevention and control from static notification to dynamic guiding. However, it is not yet clear whether this process will improve the driving behavior and the safety and efficiency of traffic operation, so it is difficult to support the effective design and application of the prevention and control strategy. Therefore, E’dong Yangtze River Bridge was taken as an example to quantitatively evaluate the improvement effectiveness of the prevention and control strategy through driving simulation test and to verify its validity. The optimization and implementation is based on the fact that human factor needs are subjected to the prevention and control strategy, then it has a better effect in guiding the practical application. The improvement effectiveness evaluation of prevention and control strategy was realized through the improvement rate of each indicator from three aspects (psychological perception, safety effectiveness and traffic efficiency). The results show that the prevention and control strategy is helpful to improve driver’s confidence and alleviate tension; it can significantly improve the driver’s behavioral performance and traffic operation state and enhance the traffic efficiency and the safety of horizontal and longitudinal operation of vehicles; it has the strongest ability to improve safety effectiveness, especially at the longitudinal level; the higher brightness line-of-sight induction strategy is more conducive to improving the safety level and significantly increasing the traffic capacity. Compared with the low brightness condition, it may have a negative impact on the driver’s psychological feelings, but it is not obvious. When the visibility is 100 m on bridge, it is recommended that the flashing frequency of visual guidance technology is 0.5 Hz and the brightness is 3500 cd/m². The results provide the necessary theoretical basis for the practical application of prevention and control strategy on foggy bridges. The proposed solution and the analytical idea of its improvement effectiveness provide a reference for targeted prevention and management of risky sections.