To improve the operational performance of electric construction machinery, accelerate industry electrification, and reduce carbon emissions from non-road mobile equipment, a powertrain optimization design method considering manufacturing cost is proposed. The pure electric wheel loader is selected as the research object, and suitable components are first identified using the fuzzy TOPSIS method. Then, operating costs under customer demand conditions, power performance under loader turnaround conditions, and narrowly defined manufacturing costs are simultaneously optimized using an improved multi-objective Jellyfish search algorithm. Finally, the proposed method is verified on a Matlab/Simulink platform. Results show that the improved algorithm outperforms benchmark approaches. Motor efficiency increases by 0.214%, 0.190%, and 0.150% under different working conditions; the acceleration time from 0 to maximum speed is decreased by1.798 s, 2.231 s, and 1.006 s; and manufacturing cost is reduced by 3.129%, 5.043%, and 3.946%. Overall, both power performance and operational comfort are significantly enhanced.

Ink-jetting printing stands out among various conformal additive manufacturing techniques for its multi-material, digital control, and process flexibility. Ink-jetting-based conformal additive manufacturing is renowned for its adaptability to complex topological surfaces and is emerging as a critical technology for future comprehensive conformal printing systems. This review highlights the distinctiveness of four primary ink-jetting printing techniques in conformal additive manufacturing—piezoelectric jetting, thermal bubble jetting, aerosol jetting, and electrohydrodynamic jetting—and delves into how these attributes endow ink-jetting printing with unique advantages in conformal processes. Furthermore, leveraging these advantages, the review discusses potential applications in conformal electronics, energy devices, biology, and electromagnetics to bolster the ongoing development and application. Considering the current state of this technology, the review identifies critical challenges for future advancements, such as dynamic surface printing, integrated fabrication of multifunctional conformal structures, and the balance between resolution and throughput. This review summarizes the latest research and technological advancements in ink-jetting-based conformal additive manufacturing, aiding in its innovative applications and enhanced manufacturing capabilities in the future.

The ultrasonic transducer is the core component of an ultrasonic vibration-assisted cutting device. To develop a large-amplitude ultrasonic vibration-assisted cutting device suitable for high-speed dry cutting, the first step is to design and develop the ultrasonic transducer. Based on the design method of the second-stage amplified ultrasonic transducer considering the tool, following the integrated design concept of amplifier-ultrasonic transducer, and combined with the results of modal analysis and harmonious response analysis using ANSYS finite element software, a two-stage amplified ultrasonic transducer was designed and developed. According to the characteristics of the developed two-stage amplified ultrasonic transducer, its matching ultrasonic generator, anti-rotation ring, power transmission system, and tool holder shell structure were systematically designed and developed. Performance tests including impedance analysis and amplitude measurement were carried out for the developed two-stage amplified ultrasonic transducer. Experimental test and analysis of the designed and developed large-amplitude ultrasonic vibration-assisted high-speed dry cutting device were conducted to explore the improvement of surface quality in the difficult-to-machining material 30CrMnSiNi2A. The results show that the longitudinal ultrasonic vibration simulation results of the two-stage amplified ultrasonic transducer are consistent with the theoretical design, and the longitudinal vibration amplitude output is stable. The longitudinal vibration amplitude is 15.4 μm at 50 % output power and can reach a maximum of 25.1 μm, with the output amplitude positively correlated with the power percentage, indicating good performance test results. The developed large-amplitude ultrasonic vibration-assisted cutting device greatly reduces the cutting force and surface roughness in the feeding direction, significantly improves the surface quality of difficult-to-machine materials, and is suitable for high-speed dry cutting of such materials.