This paper (ⅰ) examines the role of income distribution in the determination of the average saving rate and the growth process in dual and mature economies, and (ⅱ) revisits the Pasinetti and neo-Pasinetti theorems. The profit share may influence saving because of differences in the saving rates across households (the Pasinetti theorem) or because firms retain part of their earnings (the neo-Pasinetti theorem). The two mechanisms are not mutually exclusive, and the alignment between warranted and natural growth rates in mature economies can happen through feedback effects from employment to the distribution of income.

This paper analyzes the debt crisis faced by the euro zone since the “subprime mortgage crisis” in 2008 and the fundamental contradictions behind the euro crisis caused by it. By introducing the birth of the euro, the article shows that the differences in the competitiveness of enterprises in the euro zone under the unified currency reflect the differentiation of the balance of payments due to the persistent differences in industrial technology and productivity, and bring about the continuous deterioration of the financial situation of deficit countries. The analysis based on labor value theory and unequal exchange theory shows that deficit countries can't recover economic growth by exiting the euro zone and depreciating their currencies. What the euro zone needs is systemic reform to improve the technical level and productivity of economically backward countries. However, the differences in interests between countries and the differences in interests and routes among different groups in Germany, which is in the leading position, made the reform of the euro zone difficult until the crisis broke out.

There are usually three data sources for the initial distribution of national income in China: input-output table, capital flow table, and income-based GDP, and there are some differences in the research based on different data. Through the comparison of the initial distribution ratio measured by three kinds of data, it is found that the initial distribution ratio measured by three kinds of data sources is convergent after 2008, and it is almost the same in the later years. The difference mainly exists in previous years. Based on the close relationship among profit rate, capital accumulation, and economic growth in Marxist economics, this paper calculates profit rate (and adjusted profit rate) with different data sources, and calculates the correlation coefficient between profit rate and economic growth rate, as well as the correlation coefficient between profit rate and capital growth rate. Based on the comparison of correlation coefficients, we find that the relationship between input-output table data and economic growth rate is the closest, but there is no continuous annual data. If you need to analyze the dynamic relationship between capital accumulation and profitability, you can use the annual profit rate calculated by income GDP (supplemented by the data of capital flow statement).