A complete examination of Large Language Models’ strengths, problems, and applications is needed due to their rising use across disciplines. Current studies frequently focus on single-use situations and lack a comprehensive understanding of LLM architectural performance, strengths, and weaknesses. This gap precludes finding the appropriate models for task-specific applications and limits awareness of emerging LLM optimization and deployment strategies. In this research, 50 studies on 25+ LLMs, including GPT-3, GPT-4, Claude 3.5, DeepKet, and hybrid multimodal frameworks like ContextDET and GeoRSCLIP, are thoroughly reviewed. We propose LLM application taxonomy by grouping techniques by task focus—healthcare, chemistry, sentiment analysis, agent-based simulations, and multimodal integration. Advanced methods like parameter-efficient tuning (LoRA), quantum-enhanced embeddings (DeepKet), retrieval-augmented generation (RAG), and safety-focused models (GalaxyGPT) are evaluated for dataset requirements, computational efficiency, and performance measures. Frameworks for ethical issues, data limited hallucinations, and KDGI-enhanced fine-tuning like Woodpecker’s post-remedy corrections are highlighted. The investigation’s scope, mad, and methods are described, but the primary results are not. The work reveals that domain-specialized fine-tuned LLMs employing RAG and quantum-enhanced embeddings perform better for context-heavy applications. In medical text normalization, ChatGPT-4 outperforms previous models, while two multimodal frameworks, GeoRSCLIP, increase remote sensing. Parameter-efficient tuning technologies like LoRA have minimal computing cost and similar performance, demonstrating the necessity for adaptive models in multiple domains. To discover the optimum domain-specific models, explain domain-specific fine-tuning, and present quantum and multimodal LLMs to address scalability and cross-domain issues. The framework helps academics and practitioners identify, adapt, and innovate LLMs for different purposes. This work advances the field of efficient, interpretable, and ethical LLM application research.

The growing spectrum of Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) applications in medical imaging, cyber security, data augmentation, and the field of remote sensing tasks necessitate a sharp spike in the criticality of review of Generative Adversarial Networks. Earlier reviews that targeted reviewing certain architecture of the GAN or emphasizing a specific application-oriented area have done so in a narrow spirit and lacked the systematic comparative analysis of the models’ performance metrics. Numerous reviews do not apply standardized frameworks, showing gaps in the efficiency evaluation of GANs, training stability, and suitability for specific tasks. In this work, a systemic review of GAN models using the PRISMA framework is developed in detail to fill the gap by structurally evaluating GAN architectures. A wide variety of GAN models have been discussed in this review, starting from the basic Conditional GAN, Wasserstein GAN, and Deep Convolutional GAN, and have gone down to many specialized models, such as EVAGAN, FCGAN, and SIF-GAN, for different applications across various domains like fault diagnosis, network security, medical imaging, and image segmentation. The PRISMA methodology systematically filters relevant studies by inclusion and exclusion criteria to ensure transparency and replicability in the review process. Hence, all models are assessed relative to specific performance metrics such as accuracy, stability, and computational efficiency. There are multiple benefits to using the PRISMA approach in this setup. Not only does this help in finding optimal models suitable for various applications, but it also provides an explicit framework for comparing GAN performance. In addition to this, diverse types of GAN are included to ensure a comprehensive view of the state-of-the-art techniques. This work is essential not only in terms of its result but also because it guides the direction of future research by pinpointing which types of applications require some GAN architectures, works to improve specific task model selection, and points out areas for further research on the development and application of GANs.