Through a brief review of early meridian theories and their historical development, it is deemed that anatomical evidence played a pivotal role in the formation and evolution of the theory of meridian system. Based on the developmental trajectory of meridians and integrated with modern biological evidence, the authors propose that both the nerves and blood vessels are the core components of the meridian system. In the context of the contemporary era, clarifying and emphasizing the core component of the meridian system holds significant guiding significance for explaining and expressing meridian phenomena using modern scientific language, as well as constructing an open and self-consistent modern acupuncture knowledge system.

The quantitative research on acupuncture manipulation techniques aims to transform traditional empirical operations into measurable parameters through interdisciplinary technologies. This paper comprehensively reviewed the biomechanical foundations and technological evolution of acupuncture manipulation quantification research. It delved into upgrades in biomechanical parameter collection, breakthroughs in analytical methods, and innovations and applications from computer vision, deep learning, and multimodal perception fusion. Looking ahead, the paper explored deepening multimodal fusion, construction of big data expert databases, and intelligent clinical applications. It proposed that through multidisciplinary technological integration, a digital acupuncture theory system with characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine can be established. These breakthroughs will promote the transformation of acupuncture from empirical practice to data-driven precision medicine, providing theoretical and technological foundations for modernization and international standardization of traditional Chinese medicine.