Alcohol-related liver injury is a widespread global health concern caused by chronic excessive alcohol consumption, with inflammation serving as the central mechanism driving disease progression. Although contemporary medical interventions offer diverse therapeutic options for alcohol-related liver disease (ALD), their efficacy is limited and may induce undesirable adverse effects. Probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics have emerged as promising therapeutic strategies due to their food-grade safety and anti-inflammatory properties. To date, there remains a lack of a comprehensive review on the impact of these biotic interventions on alcohol-related liver injury. This review examines how the metabolic byproducts generated during alcohol metabolism trigger inflammatory responses and explores the potential mechanisms linking inflammation to the progression of ALD. It also highlights that probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics represent promising therapeutic strategies due to their food-grade safety and anti-inflammatory properties.

Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) is a natural immune modulator with a long history. Ginsenosides, especially rare ginsenosides, as main bioactive components, have received extensive attention for modulating immune response in cancers. This study aimed to investigate the anti-tumor immune effect of the new rare Ginseng Glucosyl Oleanolate (GGO) transformed from ginsenoside Ro in cervical cancer. GGO effectively induced cervical cancer cell apoptosis, inhibited epithelial mesenchymal transformation (EMT) and tumor growth in dose manner. GGO inhibited immune escape, increased the infiltration of immune cells CD4 T cells and CD8 T cells and the secretion of cytokines IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ by activating the cGAS/STING signaling pathway. In addition, GGO enhanced short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) metabolism and intestinal immune barrier function by modulating the composition of gut microbiota through specific bacterial populations, including Lactobacillus, Bacteroides, Clostridium, Blautia, among others, and these influences also contributed to its anti-tumor immune effect. The results of this study offered encouraging indications that GGO might serve as a natural functional food ingredient with the potential to prevent and treat cervical cancer.