Agricultural and rural modernization with Chinese characteristics is have been the foundation of Chinese path to modernization. The This paperstudy comprehensively aims to analyzed the evolution logic of Agricultural agricultural and rural modernization with Chinese characteristics from the perspectives of historical logic, theoretical logic, and practical logic. Clarified itsThe connotation was also clarified to determine, analyzed the basic characteristics, explored tThe promotion engineering path was explored, and put forward to proposed the relevant recommendations for the policy decision-making on the modern agriculturerecommendations. The results showed that accelerating theever-increasing agriculture and rural modernization with Chinese characteristics is was an inevitable choice in the historical logic of “three rural” in China, a A necessary solution wasresult of from the Party's theory of “three rural”, and aA necessary requirement was fully meet forin the practical logic of comprehensively building a socialist modernized country. From the analysis of According to the connotation characteristics, Agricultural agricultural and rural modernization with Chinese characteristics not only halso sharedas the common characteristics feature, such as strong agricultural competitiveness, strong rural multi-functionality, high level of urban-rural integration, and strong support protection, but also. has The distinct Chinese characteristics included such as the national characteristics, institutional characteristics, task characteristics, era characteristics, path characteristics, and essential characteristics. Specifically, the national characteristics is was relying on our ownthe source strength to secure our ownthe rice bowl., the The institutional characteristics is were the double-layer management system , the era characteristics is were developing the ecological low-carbon agriculture, the task characteristics is were coordinating material civilization and spiritual civilization, the path characteristics is were parallel development, and the essential characteristics is were adhering to the leadership of the Communist Party of China. The connotation characteristics and engineering path of agricultural and rural modernization is were thea systematic projects with rich connotation, which it was not only needscessary for the innovation in concept, system and path, while but also needs engineering and technical support, such as seed industry engineering, ecological engineering, mechanization engineering, energy engineering and information engineering. It was required for the modern agricultural technology and equipment support, in order Tto promote the agricultural and rural modernization with Chinese characteristics, modern agricultural technology and equipment support are needed, especially Especially, there was the role of modern agriculture and rural engineering, such as stable production and supply project, the rural industry whole chain project, harmonious countryside construction project, the rural ecological cycle project, the rural cultural empowerment project, the farmer income enhancement project, and as well as the agricultural science and technology innovation project. This study finding can also provide the theoretical support for to promoting promote the work task of “three rural” and engineering promotion.

Waste treatment and utilization are closely related to the ecological environment of the sustainable earth. China has issued a series of relevant laws, regulations, and standards around waste treatment and recycling at present. The waste treatment and utilization have been continuously improved to construct the waste recycling system. However, the imperfect legal and regulatory of waste recycling, and the low efficiency of industrialization have restricted the efficient treatment and utilization of waste in China. It is very necessary to draw on the experiences from of the developed countries in the concepts, policies, technologies, and management on of waste treatment and utilization. Among them, Japan is at the forefront of waste treatment and utilization in the world. This article aims to review the current situation of waste generation, treatment, and utilization in Japan, with the an emphasis on the anaerobic fermentation for biogas production, aerobic composting for fertilizer production, and food waste feed conversion. The results show that a significant downward trend was found in the amount of waste that generated and ultimately treated in Japan since 2000, especially with the promotion of waste classification and recycling. The final disposal volume of waste decreased by about 77% (13 million tons) in 2019, compared with 2000. The waste recycling rate was about 43%, with an increase of 7 percentage points. Anaerobic digestion, aerobic composting, and functional feed technologies were industrialized and applied at the international leading level in Japan. In addition, an in-depth analysis was provided for the rich experience and practical practices in the waste treatment and utilization. Great importance was also attached to the binding role of laws and regulations. A comprehensive regulatory system was established to cover the entire waste recycling chain. The specific and clear provisions were provided for the effective waste management. The sustainable industry was greatly contributed to the stable and efficient operation in of a sound recycling and payment, particularly for an operational subsidy and product policies. In terms of technological innovation, a strong sense of leadership was achieved in the traditional technologies, such as biogas production and incineration power generation. The industrial operations were also observed in new technologies, such as kitchen waste feed conversion and biological hydrogen production, indicating strong technological innovation. The guiding role was also obtained in the science popularization and education. The systematic and multi-level science popularization activities were effectively enhanced the environmental awareness, the concept of 'whoever produces, pays', public participation, and joint maintenance of environmental protection. Finally, some suggestions were made to fully learn from the successful experience and practices in the waste treatment and utilization. The priority principle of 3R (Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle) was followed to construct a complete waste recycling, from the aspects of laws and regulations, technological innovation, operational construction, and conceptual transformation. The low-carbon and circular development can also be promoted to reduce the high waste generation in the diverse types for the high treatment and utilization rates in China.

The long history of circular agriculture is characterized by theoretical and practical exploration tracing back to ancient agricultural civilizations in China. Circular agriculture has already been engaged to combine millet cultivation and pig farming at the Dadiwan site in Qin'an, China, during the Neolithic period more than 5,500 years ago. Various modes of ecological cycle have been applied over the course of several thousand years in conventional Chinese agriculture, such as rice-fish farming, mulberry-based fish ponds, crop rotation complementarity, and courtyard economy. Since the reform and opening-up, remarkable achievements have been realized to clarify the ecological balance and resource recycling. But the agriculture still relies heavily on the extensive use of agricultural inputs, like fertilizers, pesticides, and agricultural films, leading to the increasingly prominent issues of environmental pollution and ecological damage. The agricultural growth mode is required to reduce the input, consumption, and pollution. Therefore, it is very necessary to enhance the utilization and recycling levels of agricultural resources in circular and sustainable agriculture. Circular agriculture is significantly practical and has far-reaching strategic importance. New productive forces can also be developed in green and high-quality agriculture. This article aims to clarify the essential connotation of circular agriculture. The concept of green development was dominated by constructing circular agriculture. A multi-level material and energy recycling system was then realized via technological innovation and management. A closed-loop production model was obtained with low material input, high efficiency of resource utilization, and low environmental pollution. Four key characteristics of circular agriculture were proposed: source reduction, process recycling, high-value output, and low-carbon process. Four achievements were also highlighted, including the reduction of input quantity with high efficiency, the high level of waste resource utilization, the pollution and carbon reduction, as well as industrial value-added and efficiency enhancement. The development mode of circular agriculture was summarized from three perspectives: Firstly, the implementation subject was divided into small-scale circulation among individuals, medium-scale circulation among industries, and large-scale social circulation; Secondly, industrial composition was divided into the internal circulation within the planting industry, circulation between planting and breeding, circulation among planting, breeding, and processing, as well as the production-lifestyle circulation; Thirdly, core linkage was divided into the circular agriculture mode that linked by fertilization, energization, feed production, substrate production, and raw material production. A summary was also given on circular agriculture: Firstly, the top-level design was still limited to coordinating some measures in different planting and breeding segments. It was difficult for the key "links" to form a "chain" and then create a joint force; Secondly, technological equipment was required to upgrade technological equipment, such as high energy consumption, low stability, and efficiency; Thirdly, some regulations were still required for the circular agriculture. Previously, much effort was focused mostly on pollution prevention and control. It was still lacking specific regulations tailored to circular agriculture; Fourthly, it was still lacking decision-making on the subsidy policies at the national level. The advanced experiences of developed countries were also summarized in circular agriculture, including comprehensive legal systems, integrated models tailored to local conditions, mature and sound management, advanced and practical technological equipment, as well as publicity and education. Finally, the practices of circular agriculture were drawn from the developed countries, according to the national conditions. Key points and paths were proposed to develop circular agriculture: Firstly, the internal circulation system of the planting industry was optimized, and suitable models upgraded, according to the local conditions. The waste collection, storage, and transportation were optimized to focus on the critical step of straw decomposition, and high-value-added functional products; Secondly, the planting and breeding circulation were also reconstructed to explore and implement the nutrient management. Technological equipment was developed for nutrient loss control. A long-term mechanism was obtained for planting and breeding circulation; Thirdly, the production, processing, and sales circulation were extended to strengthen the raw material loss reduction, processing loss reduction, and comprehensive utilization of processing by-products; Fourthly, the production and lifestyle circulation were improved for the classification and collection of perishable wastes in the collaborative treatment of production and lifestyle waste. Meanwhile, specific paths were obtained to promote structural adjustment, and scientific and technological support. A number of demonstration projects were conducted to develop circular agriculture and agricultural power.