Aluminum alloy stamped parts are widely used in highprecision industrial fields such as aerospace and automotive industries, where timely crack detection is crucial to ensure their performance and safety. Traditional crack detection methods mainly rely on manually designed feature extraction algorithms. While certain success has been achieved in simple scenarios, there are still limitations in detection accuracy and robustness when dealing with complex backgrounds and significant variations in crack morphology. This paper proposes a crack detection method called CGCYOLO, which integrates Channel Aware Fusion (CAF), GSSPPF, and Cross Scale Path Aggregation Network (CSPAN) to enhance the model’s feature extraction and detection capabilities. Experimental results show that CGCYOLO demonstrates higher accuracy and stronger robustness in crack detection tasks for aluminum alloy stamped parts, indicating its broad application potential.

In tissue engineering (TE), tissue-inducing scaffolds are a promising solution for organ and tissue repair owing to their ability to attract stem cells in vivo, thereby inducing endogenous tissue regeneration through topological cues. An ideal TE scaffold should possess biomimetic cross-scale structures, similar to that of natural extracellular matrices, at the nano- to macro-scale level. Although freeform fabrication of TE scaffolds can be achieved through 3D printing, this method is limited in simultaneously building multiscale structures. To address this challenge, low-temperature fields were adopted in the traditional fabrication processes, such as casting and 3D printing. Ice crystals grow during scaffold fabrication and act as a template to control the nano- and micro-structures. These microstructures can be optimized by adjusting various parameters, such as the direction and magnitude of the low-temperature field. By preserving the macro-features fabricated using traditional methods, additional micro-structures with smaller scales can be incorporated simultaneously, realizing cross-scale structures that provide a better mimic of natural organs and tissues. In this paper, we present a state-of-the-art review of three low-temperature-field-assisted fabrication methods—freeze casting, cryogenic 3D printing, and freeze spinning. Fundamental working principles, fabrication setups, processes, and examples of biomedical applications are introduced. The challenges and outlook for low-temperature-assisted fabrication are also discussed.