Ginger is a spice with various uses for humans, such as flavoring agents and nutraceuticals. Drying is commonly used in the processing and preserving of ginger and affects the characteristics of the final ginger product. This study aimed to review the studies that have evaluated the effects of drying techniques on the bioactivity of ginger. A meta-analysis investigation was conducted to identify a study that evaluated the effects of drying techniques on the levels of bioactivity in ginger. The database search found 113 results. There are 13 articles from 2010 to 2020 that met the inclusion criteria. The drying techniques have different effects on the optimum levels of ginger characteristics. After drying treatment there were significant different on total flavonoid and antioxidant activity and there were not significant on total phenolic content and 6-gingerol content of ginger. In conclusion, drying has different effects on ginger in terms of bioactivity. Therefore, choosing the best method must be made based on the purpose of the process and the final product criteria.

Black rice bran (BRB) is well-known for its high antioxidant activity and its pivotal role in preventing colon cancer. The present study aims to investigate the effects of BRB administration on BALB/C mice induced with azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sodium sulphate (DSS). The 24 mice were divided into three groups: the group induced by colon cancer (C+), the group induced by cancer and given the BRB diet (C+BRB), and the normal group (C−). Both the C− and C+ groups were given a standard AIN-93 M diet containing cellulose fiber. After 16 weeks, the mice were anesthetized, and the colonic tissue was identified for nodule distribution, histopathological observation, and mRNA expression analysis of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), caspase-3, and caspase-8 genes using qRT PCR technique. Nodule distribution in the C+BRB group showed a significant decrease compared to the C+ group, with 1.65 ± 0.71 nodule/cm2 vs. 5.73 ± 2.93 nodule/cm². Then, the colon weight was significantly decreased in the C+BRB group, at 0.19 ± 0.04 (g) compared to 0.25 ± 0.03 (g) in the C+ group. Also, the BRB diet in the C+BRB group significantly decreased PCNA mRNA expression compared to the C+ group, with values of 0.58 ± 0.09-fold change vs. 5.22 ± 0.80-fold change. Conversely, increased the mRNA expression of caspase-3 (0.91 ± 0.20-fold change vs. 0.36 ± 0.15-fold change) and caspase-8 (0.51 ± 0.18-fold change vs. 0.13 ± 0.31-fold change). In conclusion, administration of BRB inhibited the rate of cancer development by suppressing cancer cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis.