Negative Poisson’s ratio materials and structures exhibit lateral expansion under tensile loading, demonstrating significant mechanical advantages over conventional materials. This study systematically investigated three typical two-dimensional negative Poisson’s ratio metamaterial structures (Concave honeycomb, Anti-chiral, and Anti-chiral concave honeycomb hybrid structures) through both experimental tests and numerical analysis. The test specimens were fabricated using selective laser melting (SLM) additive manufacturing technology, and the experimental test was conducted with the use of a DIC strain measurement system. The numerical studies were performed considering both static tensile loading and dynamic impact loading with different strain rates. The deformation behaviors, failure process, negative Poisson’s ratio effects, and energy absorption capacity of the three different metamaterial structures are systematically investigated, and the associated mechanical mechanisms are thoroughly revealed. Results and findings of this work could provide valuable guidance for the engineering design and application of negative Poisson’s ratio metamaterials and structures.