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3D printed MgF2/reduced graphene oxide monolith: A multifunctional platform for stable and dendrite-free sodium metal anodes
Nano Research 2025, 18(6): 94907519
Published: 16 June 2025
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The notorious growth of sodium dendrites and significant volume fluctuations have posed substantial challenges to the practical application of sodium metal anodes. In this work, an aerogel composed of MgF2 nanoparticles (NPs) onto a three-dimensional (3D) printed reduced graphene oxide (rGO) (MgF2/rGO) monolith was employed as a scaffold for sodium metal anodes. During the initial discharge process, the MgF2 NPs underwent an electrochemical in-situ conversion into NaF and sodiophilic Mg NPs, which act as the Na metal nucleation centers and contribute to the formation of a stable solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer. Benefiting from these synergistic effects, the 3D printed MgF2/rGO electrode exhibits a high Coulombic efficiency of 99.49% after 1200 cycles at 0.5 mA·cm−2 with 1 mAh·cm−2. It also shows a long cycle lifespan of 2500 h with a high capacity of 10 mAh·cm−2 at 5 mA·cm−2. Moreover, when assembled into a full cell with a Na@MgF2/rGO anode and a Na3V2(PO4)3@C-rGO cathode, the cell delivers an extended cycle life of 3500 cycles at 1 C, preserving a reversible capacity of 86.98 mAh·g−1. This work paves the way for utilization of 3D printed metal-fluorides to enhance the electrochemical performance of the sodium metal anodes.

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