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Some new characterizations of spheres and Euclidean spaces using conformal vector fields
AIMS Mathematics 2024, 9(10): 28765-28777
Published: 15 October 2024
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Given a conformal vector field X defined on an n-dimensional Riemannian manifold (Nn,g), naturally associated to X are the conformal factor σ, a smooth function defined on Nn, and a skew symmetric (1,1) tensor field Ω, called the associated tensor, that is defined using the 1-form dual to X. In this article, we prove two results. In the first result, we show that if an n-dimensional compact and connected Riemannian manifold (Nn,g), n>1, of positive Ricci curvature admits a nontrivial (non-Killing) conformal vector field X with conformal factor σ such that its Ricci operator Rc and scalar curvature τ satisfy

Rc(X)=(n1)σandX(τ)=2σ(n(n1)cτ)

for a constant c, necessarily c>0 and (Nn,g) is isometric to the sphere Scn of constant curvature c. The converse is also shown to be true. In the second result, it is shown that an n-dimensional complete and connected Riemannian manifold (Nn,g), n>1, admits a nontrivial conformal vector field X with conformal factor σ and associated tensor Ω satisfying

Rc(X)=divΩandΩ(X)=0,

if and only if (Nn,g) is isometric to the Euclidean space (En,,).

Open Access Research Article Issue
Rigidity of extrinsic spheres in Einstein spacetimes and the Goddard conjecture
AIMS Mathematics 2026, 11(4): 9319-9333
Published: 07 April 2026
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Goddard's conjecture asserts that within de Sitter space, a spacelike hypersurface that is complete and has constant mean curvature must exhibit total umbilicity. Although counterexamples show that the conjecture does not hold in full generality, it remains valid under additional geometric assumptions, notably in the compact case. In this paper, we establish a broad extension of Goddard's conjecture to compact, spacelike hypersurfaces in Lorentzian manifolds that admit a timelike conformal vector field. Under a natural integral condition involving the ambient Ricci tensor and a mild assumption of the behavior of the mean curvature along the induced tangential flow, we prove that the hypersurface must be totally umbilical. As an application of our approach, we establish rigidity phenomena in Einstein Lorentzian manifolds and retrieve, as a special instance, the well-known classification of compact, spacelike hypersurfaces with constant mean curvature in de Sitter space as round spheres.

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