Unlocking the full potential of PtNi alloy electrocatalysts for the acidic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is significantly restricted by the inevitable dissolution of Ni species. Herein, we present a rational design of tetrametallic PtNiMoRu nanowires (NWs) that decouples the origins of stability and activity via a dual-doping strategy. By coordinating the distinct roles of constituent elements, we demonstrate that Mo doping primarily acts as a lattice stabilizer by increasing the Ni vacancy formation energy to immobilize Ni atoms, while Ru doping optimizes the d-band center of Pt active sites to facilitate intermediate kinetics. Consequently, the optimized PtNiMoRu NWs/C exhibits an exceptional mass activity of 1.04 A mg_Pt^-1 and specific activity of 2.81 mA cm^-2 at 0.9 V vs. RHE, representing 5.2-fold and 8.3-fold enhancements over commercial Pt/C, respectively. Most notably, the catalyst demonstrates superior durability with a negligible half-wave potential decay of only 9 mV after 30,000 accelerated durability test cycles. In a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), this nanowire catalyst delivers a peak power density of 1.18 W cm^-2. This work provides a paradigm for designing durable multi-metallic catalysts by precisely engineering element-specific functionalities within the alloy architecture.

Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) exhibits great mechanical as well as thermal characteristics, making it a valuable material for use in photoelectric conversion devices, an accelerator for synthesis of organic compounds, an electrolyte for fuel cell applications or power sources, and a hydrogen storage substance and a fluorescence detector. It is fabricated using different methods, and there is a variety of morphologies and nanostructures such as zero to three dimensions that have been designed for different purposes. There are many reports about g-C₃N₄ in recent years, but a comprehensive review which covers nanostructure dimensions and their properties are missing. This review paper aims to give basic and comprehensive understanding of the photocatalytic and electrocatalytic usages of g-C₃N₄. It highlights the recent progress of g-C₃N₄ nanostructure designing by covering synthesis methods, dimensions, morphologies, applications and properties. Along with the summary, we will also discuss the challenges and prospects. Scientists, investigators, and engineers looking at g-C₃N₄ nanostructures for a variety of applications might find our review paper to be a useful resource.