To evaluate various corneal topographic patterns in keratoconus (KCN) and their association with disease progression.

A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 636 eyes of 335 KCN patients (396 males, 240 females) with a mean age of 30.95±7.95y. Participants underwent two ocular examinations, including corneal tomography using the Pentacam-HR. Topographic patterns were classified based on axial curvature, and KCN progression was defined as a change of ≥1.00 D in maximum keratometry (Kmax). Accordingly, evaluated eyes were categorized into progressive, regressive, and stable groups.

The most common topographic pattern was asymmetric bowtie with inferior steepening (AB-IS, 27.4%) in both males (26.8%) and females (28.3%). In the regressive group, asymmetric bowtie with skewed radial axes (21.3%) was most frequent, while AB-IS (31.3%) and inferior steepening (IS, 25.9%) dominated the stable and progressive groups, respectively. Significant differences were observed in corneal parameters across patterns: the oval pattern exhibited the most negative spherical equivalent and the lowest corrected visual acuity, whereas the irregular pattern showed the highest Kmax values in the first examination (P<0.05). The asymmetric bowtie with superior steepening (AB-SS) pattern also exhibited the least curvature. In terms of changes in topographic parameters over time, variations were observed in certain parameters across different patterns. Notably, the irregular pattern exhibited the most significant changes in Kmax between the two examinations. Although the AB-SS tended to regressed, the AB-IS and IS patterns showed a tendency toward progression (P<0.05). Changes in most components of the KCN screening indices also varied significantly across patterns (P<0.05).

Corneal topographic patterns in KCN exhibit distinct characteristics and progression rates. Understanding these patterns can aid in predicting disease progression and tailoring treatment strategies.

To compare the visual and optical outcomes following femtosecond laser in situ keratomileusis (FS-LASIK) using an aberration neutral profile with asymmetric offset (AO) and pupil center (PC) treatments.

In this randomized double-blind clinical trial study, 48 (24 cases) and 38 eyes (19 cases) underwent myopic astigmatism and hyperopic astigmatism LASIK. One eye of each individual was randomly assigned to AO centration and the fellow eye underwent the PC-centered method. The clinical outcomes including uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), safety and efficacy indexes, subjective spherical equivalent (SE) and corneal high-order aberrations (HOAs) were measured at baseline and 6mo postoperatively.

In the myopic group, the mean preoperative SE and astigmatism were -4.12±0.87 (-2.88 to -6.00) diopter (D) and -0.88±0.79 (0 to -2.75) D, respectively. In the hyperopic group, the mean preoperative SE and astigmatism were 0.93±0.59 (-0.25 to 2.25) D and -0.73±1.00 (0 to -4.25) D, respectively. At 6mo postoperatively, the safety and efficacy indexes were similar for centration in myopic and hyperopic LASIK groups. In the myopic group, significant changes were found in horizontal trefoil (P=0.041) and oblique trefoil (P=0.031) in favor of AO centration treatment.

Femtosecond-LASIK is a safe and efficacious procedure for treatment of myopic and hyperopic astigmatism. AO-centered and PC-centered approaches provide similar visual and refractive outcomes. Myopic astigmatism LASIK with AO centration leads to slightly better corneal aberration outcomes.

To determine residual refractive error after cataract surgery in pseudophakic eyes and its relationship with age, sex, and axial length (AL).

In this population-based cross-sectional study, the sampling was performed on individuals aged 60y and above in Tehran, Iran using a multi-stage stratified random cluster sampling method. Pseudophakic eyes with a best-corrected visual acuity of 20/32 or better were analyzed and their refractive results were reported.

The mean spherical equivalent (SE) refraction was -0.34±0.97 diopters (D) and the mean absolute SE was 0.72±0.74 D with a median of 0.5 D. Moreover, 32.68% (n=546, 95%CI: 30.27%-35.08%), 53.67% (n=900, 95%CI: 51.23%-56.1%), 68.99% (n=1157, 95%CI: 66.96%-71.02%), and 79.73% (n=1337, 95%CI: 77.69%-81.76%) of the eyes had a residual SE within ±0.25, ±0.50, ±0.75, and ±1.00 D of emmetropia, respectively. According to the multiple logistic regression model, increasing age was associated with a statistically significant decrease in predictability for all cut points. Moreover, the predictability based on all cut points was significantly lower in individuals with an AL longer than 24.5 mm than in those with an AL between 22 to 24.5 mm.

Based on the results, the accuracy of intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation is lower for those who underwent cataract surgery during the last 5y in Tehran, Iran. Among the most important influential factors, the choice of IOL or it’s power disproportionate to eye conditions and age can be mentioned.

To collect and present updated evidence about epidemiological aspects of retinoblastoma (Rb) in the world.

A comprehensive search without the time and language restrictions was conducted in international databases, including MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed. The search keywords were “retinoblastoma” OR “retinal Neuroblastoma” OR “retinal glioma” OR “retinoblastoma eye cancer” OR “retinal glioblastoma”.

The worldwide incidence of Rb is 1 in 16000-28000 live births, but was higher in developing compared to developed countries. Several attempts for improving early detection and treatment had increased the Rb survival rate from 5% to 90% in developed countries over the past decade, but its survival was lower in developing countries (about 40% in low-income countries) and the majority of mortalities occurred in developing countries. The etiology of Rb could be viewed as genetics in the heritable form and environmental and lifestyle factors in the sporadic form. Some environmental risk factors such as in vitro fertilization; insect sprays; father’s occupational exposure to oil mists in metal working, and poor living conditions might play a role in the occurrence of the disease. Although ethnicity might affect Rb incidence, sex has no documented effect and the best treatment approaches were now ophthalmic artery chemosurgery and intravitreal chemotherapy.

Determining the role of genetics and environmental factors helps to accurately predict the prognosis and identify the mechanism of the disease, which can reduce the risk of tumor development.

To compare the subjective refraction data with non-cycloplegic auto-refraction findings in the geriatric population above 60 years of age according to the different crystalline lens conditions.

This report is a part of the Tehran Geriatric Eye Study (TGES) that was conducted from January 2019 to January 2020 on elderly population 60 years of age and above in Tehran. The samples were selected by multi-stage stratified random cluster sampling. Of 3791 individual invitees, 3310 (response rate: 87.3%) participated in this study. All study participants underwent non-cycloplegic auto-refraction (auto-refractometer/keratometer Nidek ARK-510) and subjective refraction.

Regarding the sphere, eyes with mixed cataract had the worst limits of agreement (LoA: -1.24 to 0.87) and the best agreement was related to the pseudophakic eyes (LoA: -0.83 to 0.54). The highest (0.27±0.31 D) and lowest (0.21±0.27 D) differences between the two methods regarding the cylinder power were observed in eyes with cortical cataract and normal eyes, respectively. The worst LoA between the two methods in measuring the cylinder power was related to the eyes with mixed cataract (LoA: -0.44 to 0.96). Regarding the J₀ (horizontal/vertical components of astigmatism), the mean values of J₀ obtained by auto-refraction were tended more toward against the rule direction in all crystalline lens conditions, and the two methods had the greatest difference in cortical cataract cases (0.05±0.17 D). Regarding the J₄₅ (oblique components of astigmatism), the lowest (0±0.11 D) and highest (-0.01±0.12 D) differences were observed in normal eyes and eyes with cortical cataract, respectively.

The auto-refractometer/keratometer Nidek ARK-510 results in the elderly with different phakic and pseudophakic conditions do not correspond well with subjective refraction findings. This discrepancy in spherical findings is more pronounced in individuals with mixed cataract than in other cases.

To determine the prevalence of some retinal pathologies in people over 60y and their association with demographic and ocular factors.

A cross-sectional study was conducted in Tehran using multistage cluster sampling. After selecting subjects aged 60 and over, optometric, and ophthalmic examinations were done. For retinal examination, a 90 D lens was used and indirect ophthalmoscopy was performed after instilling tropicamide drops. Biometry was done using the IOL Master for all participants.

Of 3791 people that were invited through cluster sampling, 3310 participated in the study (response rate=82%). The prevalence of retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) change, drusen, geographic atrophy (GA), hypertensive retinopathy (HTR), nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), choroidal neovascularization (CNV), central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO), myopic retinopathy (MR), branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO), and central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) was 27.42%, 11.08%, 4.52%, 3.03%, 4.05%, 0.54%, 0.82%, 0.39%, 0.20%, 0.49%, and 0.19%, respectively. After removing the effect of age, the odds of NPDR were 1.68 times higher in women compared to men (P=0.014). After removing the effect of sex, the odds of drusen, RPE change, GA, CNV, BRVO, and CRVO increased with age.

There is a higher prevalence of RPE change, drusen, GA, CNV and a lower prevalence of MR and CRAO in the elderly population of Tehran aged over 60y compared to global average values. Considering the correlation of most of the diseases with age and their effects on vision, attention should be paid to these diseases and the related screening programs to prevent vision impairment.

To explore the prevalence of pterygium and pinguecula and their risk factors.

This population-based cross-sectional study was conducted on geriatric population aged 60 and over in Tehran, Iran from Jan 2019 to Jan 2020. Selected subjects were interviewed and subjected to optometric and ophthalmic examinations.

The age and sex standardized prevalence of pterygium and pinguecula was 3.64% [95% confidence interval (CI):2.94%–4.49%] and 55.57% (95%CI: 52.89%–58.22%), respectively. The prevalence of pterygium was 4.52% (95%CI: 3.5%–5.81%) in men and 2.79% (95%CI: 1.97%–3.94%) in women and the prevalence of pinguecula was 64.56% (95%CI: 60.92%–68.03%) in men and 46.72% (95%CI: 43.74%–49.72%) in women. According to the results of multiple logistic regression, pinguecula had a significant correlation with male sex [odds ratio (OR):2.21, 95%CI: 1.63–2.99] and education level (OR: 0.52, 95%CI: 0.35-0.77) and pterygium had a significant relationship with male sex (OR: 2.2, 95%CI: 1.38–3.52), socioeconomic status (SES, OR: 0.5, 95%CI: 0.26–0.97), education level (OR: 0.22, 95%CI: 0.08–0.61).

The prevalence of pinguecula and pterygium in this study are lower than other studies. Sex, SES, and education level are the risk factors of the prevalence of pinguecula and pterygium.