Energy is considered a measure of development in today’s world. In recent years, the increasing global population has led to a growing demand for energy. Due to the limited availability of fossil fuels and the environmental harm they cause, there has been a shift towards renewable energy sources worldwide. Among these renewable energy sources, biomass technology is clean, eco-friendly, and highly energy-efficient. Its implementation not only contributes to energy production but also plays a significant role in rural development. Within the realm of biomass, the production of bio-pellets is essential for the sustainable utilization of healthy, eco-friendly, and organic waste materials for energy purposes. The pelletization process offers several advantages, including an increase in the volumetric heat value of the material, reduced transportation and storage costs, improved combustion characteristics, and a decrease in particle emissions into the atmosphere. This study focuses on the production of bio-pellets by mixing walnut shell (WS) and peanut shell (PS) materials in five different ratios (100% WS, 50% WS+50% PS, 75% WS+25% PS, 25% WS+75% PS, 100% PS). The moisture content, ash content, volatile matter content, fixed carbon content, and drop resistance of the obtained pellets have been determined.

The continuous increase in global population intensifies the demand for energy. The growing need for energy has led to the ongoing search for new and renewable alternative energy sources instead of fossil fuels. Biogas energy is one of these renewable energy sources. Significant amounts of grass waste are generated in urban parks, gardens, and roadside landscaping areas. These organic wastes are often left to decay in an uncontrolled manner. Converting these wastes into biogas energy can provide added value in terms of both energy production and waste management. This study aims to determine the chemical properties [crude protein, crude fat, Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF), Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF), dry matter (DM), and organic dry matter (ODM)] of grass wastes obtained from park gardens and those converted into silage, as well as their specific biogas and methane productions (m³/kg ODM) using the Hohenheim Batch Test (HBT) method. Specific biogas and methane productions were experimentally conducted through the HBT method. The results of the study reveal that the highest protein content (17.49%) was observed in Grass 3, the highest fat content (5.13%) in Silage 1, the highest NDF (68%) and ADF (41%) content in Grass 1, the highest DM (90.92%) content in Grass 2, and the highest ODM (92.59%) content in Silage 2. The average cumulative biogas production values ranged from 0.65 to 0.71 m³/kg ODM, while cumulative methane production values ranged from 0.39 to 0.42 m³/kg ODM. The methane content in biogas varied between 59.01% and 60.19%. There was no statistical difference found among methane, biogas, and methane ratios derived from grass materials and silage. This suggests that either storage method - silaging or drying - can be effectively used without impacting overall biogas or methane productivity. Thus, facilities can choose between silage and dried forms based on convenience, storage requirements, or cost, knowing that both methods will perform equivalently in biogas production. This flexibility provides valuable options for optimizing feedstock management and storage in biogas operations.