In recent years, organoid technology has emerged as a pivotal tool in central nervous system (CNS) tumor research. By recapitulating the 3D architecture, molecular profiles, and dynamic interactions of tumors with their microenvironment, it provides an innovative platform for elucidating disease mechanisms and facilitating drug screening. Brain organoids are primarily utilized to model normal neurodevelopmental processes and investigate CNS disease pathogenesis, whereas CNS tumor organoids are chiefly employed to simulate tumor heterogeneity and therapeutic responses. This review delineates the methodologies for establishing brain organoids and CNS tumor organoid models, along with their applications in CNS oncology research, with particular emphasis on the technical features and advantages of pluripotent stem cell-derived, patient-derived, and xenograft-derived organoid models. Furthermore, it examines current challenges in model standardization, microenvironment recapitulation, and ethical considerations pertaining to human tissue sources. Future directions for advancing this technology are also discussed.

Cerebrovascular diseases, characterized by high incidence, disability, and mortality rates, have emerged as a leading global cause of death and long-term disability. Organoid technology, a three-dimensional in vitro culture system derived from stem cells or tissue cells, enables the simulation of organ development, physiological processes, and pathological mechanisms, demonstrating significant potential in cerebrovascular disease research and therapeutic development. This review summarizes recent advances in organoid applications for cerebrovascular diseases, with a focus on strategies for constructing vascularized cerebral organoids, including in vivo transplantation, in vitro culture systems, and bioengineering approaches. Studies reveal that these models not only recapitulate neurovascular unit interactions but also serve as powerful platforms for drug screening and mechanistic investigations, offering novel therapeutic strategies for cerebrovascular disorders. Current challenges include insufficient vascularization efficiency and limited integration capacity with host tissues. Future integration of gene editing, microfluidic chips, and high-throughput 3D bioprinting technologies is expected to enhance the functionality and clinical translatability of vascularized cerebral organoids, thereby advancing personalized medicine and precision healthcare.