Nanozymes have emerged as highly promising alternatives to natural enzymes, featuring high stability, facile synthesis, tunability, and cost-effectiveness, making them key players in biocatalysis, environmental remediation and biomedical applications. However, the moderate catalytic activity and poor specificity of nanozymes hinder their broader applications. To address these limitations, researchers have focused on developing regulatory strategies that enhance the catalytic activity and specificity of nanozymes. Among them, DNA with programmability, recognition specificity, and abundant activate binding sites, greatly facilitates the development of smart nanozymes. Therefore, this review comprehensively summarizes DNA-mediated regulation strategies and recent researches progress on nanozymes in the field of biosensing. In addition, we discuss the current challenges and future perspectives regarding DNA-mediated regulation of nanozymes.

Nickel–cobalt layered double hydroxides (NiCo-LDHs) are promising electrode materials for hybrid supercapacitors (HSCs) due to their high theoretical charge storage capacity and excellent reversibility. However, their practical application is limited by low electrical conductivity and a tendency to agglomerate, which suppress their electrochemical performance. To address these challenges, NiCo-LDH nanosheets (NiCo-LDH NSs)/carbon microtubes derived from poplar catkins (CMT-PC) composite electrode material is synthesized via a hydrothermal method. This composite integrates NiCo-LDH NSs as a coating and CMT-PC with a high specific surface area as the framework. In a three-electrode system, the NiCo-LDH NSs/CMT-PC electrode demonstrated a specific capacity of 228.4 mAh·g⁻¹ (1644.5 F·g⁻¹, 822.2 C·g⁻¹) at a current density of 1 A·g⁻¹, and maintained a specific capacity of 101.7 mAh·g⁻¹ (732.2 F·g⁻¹, 366.1 C·g⁻¹) even at 30 A·g⁻¹. After 5000 cycles, the material exhibited excellent stability, retaining 96.5% of its capacity, with a decrease from 193.6 to 186.9 mAh·g⁻¹. To explore its practical application in HSCs, we assembled NiCo-LDH NSs/CMT-PC//activated carbon (AC) HSCs, using the NiCo-LDH NSs/CMT-PC as the positive electrode and AC as the negative electrode. The assembled device exhibited a specific capacity of 88.3 mAh·g⁻¹ at 1 A·g⁻¹ and an energy density of 72.2 Wh·kg⁻¹ at a power density of 508.6 W·kg⁻¹. Impressively, after 9000 cycles at 3 A·g⁻¹, the specific capacity increased from 64.2 to 66.5 mAh·g⁻¹, demonstrating exceptional cycling stability and suitability for practical applications.

Tendinopathy is a common and complex musculoskeletal disorder, unfortunately current clinical strategies for tendinopathy have low therapeutic efficacy because of complicated pathogenesis. Oxidative stress is considered as the major cause of tendinopathy as well as the important target, but still lacking ideal antioxidant solution. To this end, an efficient reactive oxygen species (ROS) biocatalyst, PtIrRuRhCu high-entropy alloy nanozyme (HEANZ), has been designed for treatment of tendinopathy. The non-ionic block copolymer (polyvinyl pyrrolidone) coated PtIrRuRhCu HEANZ with size of ~ 4.0 nm exhibits good biocompatibility and multiple enzyme-like antioxidant activity (including peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like) to modulate ROS. The therapeutic efficacy of PtIrRuRhCu HEANZ in tendinopathy has been systematically demonstrated in vitro and in vivo. PtIrRuRhCu HEANZ can alleviate the t-Butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) stimulated tendinopathy by clearing ROS, reducing inflammation and restoring mitochondrial autophagy. Using phosphoglycerate mutase family member 5 (PGAM5) siRNA and FUN14 domain containing protein 1 (FUNDC1) siRNA for intervention, we clearly revealed that PtIrRuRhCu HEANZ promots mitochondrial autophagy through upregulating the PGAM5/FUNDC1/glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) axis. This study provides a nanozyme strategy for the antioxidant treatment of tendinopathy and provides insights into the therapeutic mechanism.