The soft-hard interbedded structure represents a key contributor to rock mass anisotropy. This study examines the dynamic response of such formations under blasting loading through impact tests on six soft-hard interbedded configurations and four groups of rock-like specimens with varying hard rock ratios. Systematic analysis was conducted on dynamic mechanical properties, energy dissipation characteristics, and failure mechanisms in these composite rock systems. Results demonstrate that: (1) Specimen peak stress exhibits progressive enhancement with increasing hard rock content ratio, while displaying a marginal declining trend as layer quantity increases. (2) Increasing hard rock content reduces the energy reflection coefficient while enhancing both the energy transmission coefficient and absorption rate. Conversely, greater layer thickness increases energy reflection but diminishes the transmission and absorption coefficients. Notably, specimens impacted from the hard rock side demonstrate lower reflection coefficients but higher transmission coefficients and absorption rates compared to those impacted from the soft rock side. (3) As the hard rock content increases, the specimens exhibit progressively reduced overall damage severity, with the predominant failure mode transitioning from multi-directional conjugate shear fractures to tensile splitting. Conversely, increasing the number of layers markedly amplifies the intensity of specimen damage.

To study the dynamic response characteristics and energy evolution of through-jointed granite under impact load, granite with different dip joints was selected as the research object. Using the theoretical model of damage mechanics for jointed rock masses with varying dip angles, a series of SHPB (split Hopkinson pressure bar) impact tests was conducted on granite samples under high strain rates. The dynamic mechanical properties and energy dissipation characteristics of the rock samples were obtained. The results indicate that: (1) based on the Druck-Prager criterion, the Weibull strength distribution criterion, and the theory of elastic waves, the stress-strain model of jointed rock mass with different dip angles is established. This model can effectively reflect the dynamic mechanical properties of granite as the joint dip angle changes and exhibits a strong dip effect. (2) As the dip angle of the joints increases, the energy reflection coefficient rises linearly, the energy transmission coefficient decreases linearly, and the peak stress of the rock samples gradually decreases. Under the same joint dip angle, as the impact load increases, the energy reflection coefficient first increases and then decreases, the energy transmission coefficient first decreases and then increases, and the energy absorption rate decreases with the increase of the joint dip angle. (3) When the impact load is the same, the fragmentation degree of intact rock samples and those with joint dip angles of 0° and 15° is greater, while the fragmentation degree of rock samples with joint dip angles of 30° and 45° is smaller. When the joint dip angle is the same, as the impact load increases and exceeds the maximum compressive strength of the rock samples, the failure mode gradually transitions from shear and tensile failure to crushing failure, and the degree of fragmentation also increases.

The presence of joint fractures significantly influences the dynamic performance of the rock mass. To investigate the effects of joint angles and filling materials on the dynamic response of filling joint samples under impact loading, a series of impact tests were conducted using a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB). Samples with seven different joint angles and three types of filling materials were tested. The relationships between dynamic characteristics, energy dissipation, joint angles, and properties of the filling material were systematically analyzed. The results indicate that:(1) The stress-strain curves of the joint samples of different filling media are significantly different. The stress-strain curves of sediment and lime filling samples show plastic failure characteristics at joint angle α≤45° and brittle failure at joint angle α>45°, while gypsum filled samples primarily display brittle failure, except at joint angle α=45°, where plastic failure occurs due to stress wave propagation effects. (2) The dynamic compressive strength of joint samples with the same filling material initially decreases and then increases with the increasing joint angle α, reaching a minimum value at α=45°. Among the three filling materials, gypsum-filled joints exhibit the highest compressive strengths. (3) Energy dissipation characteristics vary with joint angle. The reflected energy ratio increases initially and then decreases, peaking at α=45°, while the transmitted and absorbed energy ratios decrease initially and then increase, reaching their lowest values at α=45°. These findings provide critical insights into the dynamic behavior of jointed rock masses and have practical implications for engineering applications involving impact or blast loading.