Establishing a Data Monitoring Committee (DMC) is crucial for safeguarding participant safety and ensuring data integrity in clinical research. Originating in the United States and subsequently adopted worldwide, the DMC concept has been progressively integrated into China’s clinical research system. Through a series of clinical studies and the introduction of regulations tailored to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) research, the Chinese Medicine Data Monitoring Committee (CMDMC) framework has been progressively defined, encompassing its formation, operational mechanisms, responsibilities, and standard operating procedures. Nevertheless, as DMC development in China remains at an early stage, CMDMCs continue to face numerous pressing challenges. This article provides an in-depth analysis of the evolution of CMDMCs and the current issues surrounding their implementation within the context of TCM clinical research in China. Further advancement and optimization of CMDMCs will require coordinated efforts among sponsors, committee members, regulatory agencies, and other relevant stakeholders.

With the rapid development of emerging biotechnologies such as high-throughput sequencing, multi-omics and multi-dimensional research models for biological big data have been initiated. Concurrently, the fast-evolving technologies including mathematical modeling, artificial intelligence, cloud computing, blockchain, big data, the Internet of Things, and 5G have enabled the development of digital twin. Digital twin, a model mapping of physical objects, processes, and systems in digital space, has shown great potential in the medical field. Digital twin technology can provide visualized 3D structures for human organs and systems to assist diagnosis and treatment, create a tangible "skeleton" for data mining in genomics, metabolomics, and phenomics, and simulate processes for chronic disease management, drug development, and clinical trials, thereby advancing the medical field. The aim of the article, therefore, is to review the methods and applications of digital twin in the medical field, with the hope of providing reference for the development of medical digital twin research in China.