Novel physical processing technologies, such as ultra-high pressure, pulsed electric field, cold plasma, ultrasonic waves, and magnetic field, are profoundly changing the modern food processing landscape due to their advantages, including high efficiency, energy conservation, and operational safety. However, existing studies primarily focus on the macro level, such as process parameter optimization, nutritional quality regulation, and functional characteristic development, and have not systematically clarified the operating mechanisms at the micro level. In particular, there is still limited knowledge regarding hydrogen bond breaking and rearrangement behaviors. To deeply analyze the influence of physical processing on the intrinsic structure and function of food components, this work first reviews the association between hydrogen bond networks and the structure and functionality of major food components (water, polysaccharides, proteins, and multi-component systems) at the molecular level. It investigates the key roles of hydrogen bonds in physical and chemical processes such as water freezing, starch gelatinization–retrogradation, and protein denaturation and gelation. Based on this, and using the spatiotemporal dynamics of hydrogen bond network rearrangement as a clue, this study preliminarily reveals the microscopic mechanisms of phase transformation and texture evolution during the processing. Second, this study systematically reviews the mechanisms by which various new physical processing techniques regulate the structure and function of food components by disrupting hydrogen bond networks: the enhancement of hydration structures and the rearrangement of water molecules under ultra-high pressure; the promotion of the oscillation of polar molecules through electric field pulsation induced by the pulsed electric field; intermolecular cross-linking and group activation initiated by active species in cold plasma; bond breakage and free radical generation induced by ultrasonic cavitation effect in localized high-temperature and high-pressure areas; as well as the interference and orientation effects of the magnetic field on the dipole moments of polar molecules. To understand the complex process of hydrogen bonds at the microscopic scale, this paper also reviews the characteristics and applications of current hydrogen bond analysis techniques and explores the qualitative and quantitative capabilities of methods such as Raman and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in analyzing hydrogen bond types, concentrations, and state changes. Additionally, this study examines the application of microscopic imaging techniques, such as atomic force microscopy, cryo-electron microscopy and fluorescence lifetime imaging, in the visualization and characterization of microstructure, as well as the advantages of computer simulation (molecular dynamics) in the prediction of hydrogen bond formation, breaking and regeneration mechanisms, and the potential of multimodal combination strategies in revealing the complex process of "breaking - rearrangement". These advanced detection and analysis methods not only provide visual or quantitative insights into the microscopic changes occurring in food components during physical processing but also build a bridge between subsequent functional evaluation and mechanistic research. Finally, to promote the application of advanced detection technologies and improve the comprehensive analysis of hydrogen bond evolution paths, this paper proposes several key directions for future research, including strengthening theoretical research, developing intelligent monitoring systems, and adopting multi-dimensional analytical methods. Therefore, this study reviews the influence of new physical processing methods on the structure and function of food components from the perspective of hydrogen bond network rearrangement, and also provides valuable insights and references for the in-depth development of scientific research in the field of food processing. Overall, this article aims to promote the development of high-quality physical processing technologies in the food industry.

Feed is the most important cost of aquaculture. Precise feeding based on feeding welfare is the focus and difficulty of aquaculture research. The fundamental way to solve the above-mentioned problems is to clarify the characteristic parameters such as feeding demand and feeding rhythm, and present them to decision makers in an intuitive form to guide production. On the basis of systematic literature analysis, the paper deeply analyzes the research progress and development trend of precision feeding technology in aquaculture at home and abroad, and summarizes the specific implementation process and application scenarios of precision feeding research methods based on feeding behavior, non-feeding behavior, self-demand feeding from the perspectives of operating principles, applicable models, and technical characteristics. Based on the scenarios, the key technical points and limitations involved in each method are analyzed in depth. In view of the complex and changeable breeding environment and the uncertainty of fish behavior, realizing accurate feeding of fish still faces a series of challenges. Some problems are still outstanding, such as the difficulty of simultaneous improvement of quality and efficiency, over generalization of feeding decision model, and insufficient acceptance of implementation costs. In the future, from the three aspects of monitoring quality and efficiency, decision-making model, and implementation cost, it is necessary to further improve the sensor detection accuracy and expand functions, to optimize the processing efficiency of algorithm models, and to integrate the advantages of various precision feeding technologies. Systematic research should be carried out based on the logic line of “when to eat (feeding rhythm)-how much to eat (feeding demand characteristics)-how to eat” to achieve efficient and unified system of breeding object-feed-equipment, which can scientifically formulate the feeding mode based on breeding objects, farming models, and farming environment so as to maximize the breeding and environmental benefits, and help the high-quality and healthy development of aquaculture in China.

Feeding systems can dominate the primary efficiency and cost in aquaculture. The high management efficiency of feeding can also alleviate ecological environmental pollution. However, artificial identification has been widely used for fish feeding in the pond so far, leading to the time-consuming and laborious. Empirical feeding management cannot fully meet the large-scale pond aquaculture, in terms of production efficiency, environmental pressure, and aquaculture risk. In this study, a set of precision feeding systems was developed using fish feeding welfare. Four modules included water quality monitoring, decision control, drive execution, and remote monitoring. A systematic investigation was also implemented to clarify the effects of environmental factors on the physiology and energetics of fish. The affecting factors were then determined by the feeding demand of fish. The dissolved oxygen, temperature, and body growth were taken as the input parameters, whereas, the target demand was as the output parameters of the feeding system. The fuzzy PID control was combined with the particle swarm optimization (PSO) to realize the precision feeding operation. A comparative test of pond culture was carried out with the intensive grass carp as the research object, in order to verify the practicability and effectiveness of the system. A comprehensive evaluation was made from the aspects of regulation, growth performance, and economic and environmental benefits. The results showed that a stable and reliable control performance was achieved in the constructed precision feeding system, where the control error was less than 7%. The nash-sutcliffe (NS) index increased to 0.913 in the decision-making performance of the feeding system. whereas, the root mean squared error (RMSE) was reduced by 16.10, compared with the traditional. The feed conversion rate was significantly reduced by 11.73 % (P<0.05). Importantly, the aquaculture income increased by about 14 600 yuan/hm², whereas, the pollution was reduced by 241.40 kg per ton of fish produced. When the feed coefficient was 1.0, per ton of aquatic products brought about 500 kg of organic waste, 26 kg of nitrogen, and 13 kg of phosphorus. When the feed coefficient was 2.5, per ton of aquatic products produced 1 625 kg of organic waste, 117 kg of nitrogen, and 38 kg of phosphorus. By contrast, the grass carp produced per ton was equivalent to about 1 250 kg of organic waste, 86.70 kg of nitrogen, and 29.70 kg of phosphorus under the traditional feeding model. The total production of national grass carp in 2021 was 5.76×10⁶ t. If all grass carp farming was adopted as the precise feeding system, it was equivalent to reducing the pollution emissions of 1.17×10⁶ t organic waste, 9.43×10⁴ t nitrogen, and 2.59×10⁴ t phosphorus. The developed system can be expected to alleviate the environmental and ecological pollution caused by aquaculture. Strong comprehensive application performance can provide the theoretical reference and technical support for the research and development of other aquaculture modes and farmed fish. The feeding system should be further improved from three aspects in the future: monitoring quality and efficiency, decision-making model, and implementation cost. The sensor detection accuracy can be improved to optimize the processing efficiency of models. Systematic research of multiple feeding can be integrated using the logic line of “when to eat (feeding rhythm)-how much to eat (feeding demand characteristics)-how to eat”, in order to achieve an efficient and unified mode of breeding objects, feed, and machine.