In recent years, black phosphorus, a new two-dimensional nanomaterial, has been widely used in sensors and analytical instrumentation due to its tunable band gap, high electron mobility and large specific surface area. This article introduces the structure and properties of black phosphorus and its preparation methods, and reviews recent progress in the application of electrochemical sensors based on black phosphorus for the detection of nutrients and harmful substances in foods, harmful substances in food packaging materials. Finally, we summarize the problems in the application of black phosphorus-based electrochemical sensors and provides some suggestions to solve these problems.