Exosomes are extracellular vesicles (EVs) with a diameter of 30-150 nm. They are widely involved in intercellular communication and disease diagnosis, and can serve as drug delivery carriers for targeted disease treatment. Due to the lack of sufficient sources and methods to obtain exosomes, their therapeutic application as drug carriers is limited. Milk contains abundant exosomes. Multiple studies have shown that milk-derived exosomes play a crucial role in preventing and treating intestinal diseases. This article reviews the extraction and identification methods of milk-derived exosomes reported in the literature. It also discusses the role of milk-derived exosomes in regulating intestinal physiological functions by protecting the intestinal barrier, alleviating intestinal inflammation, regulating the intestinal microbiota, and promoting intestinal cell proliferation. Milk-derived exosomes have various advantages such as no adverse immune reactions or inflammatory reactions. Understanding the regulatory mechanism of milk-derived exosomes on intestinal physiological functions can help further study their role in preventing and treating intestinal diseases.

Microplastics (MPs) in food have aroused widespread concern, and it has been clarified that MPs have toxic effects on cells, animals and human organoids, and that the cytotoxicity is inversely proportional to the particle size of MPs, and positively proportional to the concentration of MPs and the time of exposure; in experimental animal models, the toxic effects of MPs mainly occur in the digestive, nervous, respiratory, reproductive, and cardiovascular systems; the hazardous effects of MPs have also been identified in the human organoids of liver, intestine, heart and brain. The contamination of MPs in dairy products may occur at different stages of the production process. This paper reviews the sources, toxicological effects and detection methods of MPs contamination in dairy products, with the aim of providing a reference for the risk prevention and control of MPs in dairy products and for future research.