Given the pressing demand for eco-friendly and low-carbon development in mining operations, decarbonizing the blasting techniques has emerged as a pivotal challenge. The effectiveness of rock fragmentation critically determines the ore size distribution, thereby exerting a decisive influence on the energy requirements of subsequent processing stages. Using Chengchao Iron Mine as a case study, this study developed a stope production carbon emissions model that quantitatively correlates D₅₀ particle size with critical operational parameters, including drilling power consumption, blasting explosive usage, and haulage equipment energy demand. By integrating carbon emission coefficients for associated energy and materials, the research systematically quantified process-wide carbon emissions influenced by fragmentation performance, ultimately determining 32.55 cm as the optimal D₅₀ particle size for minimizing carbon emissions. Subsequently, sixteen groups of orthogonal experiments were designed by varying blasthole length, stemming length, and toe spacing. A fluid-solid coupling algorithm was implemented to characterize the dynamic constitutive behavior of formations. Building on this foundation, ANSYS/LS-DYNA simulations were conducted to analyze the distribution of blast-induced fractures across various design schemes. Grayscale processing and binarization were applied to simulated fracture patterns to enhance rock block boundary contrast, followed by an adaptive multi-scale Canny algorithm for precise extraction of fragment-fracture interfaces. Finally, the boulder yield, fines fraction, and D₅₀ particle-size distribution for each experimental configuration were statistically analyzed to enable precise calculation of associated carbon emission intensities. Simulation data analysis reveals that carbon emissions across the 16 schemes range from 1.4391 kg CO₂/t to 1.6296 kg CO₂/t, with a pronounced inverse relationship between the oversize fragment proportion and fine ore generation efficiency. Subsequently, a fragmentation prediction model was developed using a PSO-ELM algorithm based on the experimental datasets. The NSGA-Ⅱ optimization method was employed to refine blasting parameters, yielding an optimal configuration that simultaneously minimizes carbon emissions and enhances fragmentation performance: a 166 m blasthole length, a 21.6 m stemming length, and a 2.0 m toe spacing. This configuration achieves a carbon emission intensity of 1.43617 kg CO₂/t, with an oversize fragment ratio of 18.83926% and a fine ore production rate of 17.28788%. The results confirm that the developed collaborative optimization approach substantially reduces whole-process carbon emission intensity during stope production while maintaining consistent operational efficiency. This research provides both a measurable technical framework that combines sustainable transformation with intelligent control to achieve the “dual carbon” target and actionable implementation guidelines for industrial practice.

For the purpose of studyingTo study the influence of hydration rate of static explosives on the mechanical behavior and damage mechanism of coal ore body, numerical simulations of ore body mechanical damage were carried out using a stress-damage coupling model under different hydration rates. The impact of hydration rate on the evolution of stress field and damage zone in the ore body was analyzed, and the mechanism of the effect of drilling arrangement model on hydration rate was revealed. The research results indicate that the development of the damage zone in static blasting can be divided into four stages: compaction stage, micro-damage formation stage, damage zone development stage, and damage zone connection stage. Among them, the stages of damage zone development and connection stages show the most significant stress effects. The stress field and damage zone increaseincreases with the increase in of hydration rate. Specifically, and the influence of hydration rate on the stress field and damage zonesuch kind of influence is relatively small during the initial rapid energy release phase, but becomes significantly different in the later stages. Besides, Tthe borehole arrangement model affects the mechanism of hydration rate.withUnder the single-hole mechanical model, the hydration rate promotes expansion pressure differences, while However, the under the double hole mechanical model, hydration rate promotes stress superimposition forunder the double hole mechanical model. The guided hole arrangement model has the most significant effect, where the initial hydration rate accelerates stress transfer and the later hydration rate promotes stress superimposition, leading to the expansion and connection of the damage zone under the combined effects of time and stress dimensions. In the numerical simulation and field tests scheme of this study, the hydration rate of the static blasting agent was 1.8 MPa/min, the blast orehole diameter was 113 mm, the borehole spacing was 1000 mm, and the reasonable ratio of borehole spacing to diameter(η) was 9. The guided hole arrangement model can effectively fractures the ore body and generatees a large number ofmany damage zones. This research provides a reference basis for improving the fracturing effect and construction arrangement of static blasting technology.

A monitoring method based on the characteristics of weak grating sensors is proposed for long-term monitoring of the uneven settlement and horizontal displacement of segments in shield subway tunnels during the operation period. The cable type weak grating sensor is fixed on the wall of the shield tunnel in a diamond patten after prestretching. By monitoring the deformation of the weak grating sensor, the tunnel deformations corresponding to different tunnel structure modes can be distinguished and calculated to meet the real-time and precision requirements for engineering. According to the similarity ratio principle, a 1∶5 tunnel displacement model is designed and manufactured to simulate the local expansion, settlement and horizontal displacement of the tunnel segments. The grating sensors are also fixed on the wall surface of the tunnel model. Sensitivity tests of the weak grating sensors are first conducted before displacement monitoring. Then, the weak grating monitoring results with different diamond layout angles are compared. The following step is to monitor the vertical settlement and horizontal displacement of the tunnel model, which are compared with the actual displacement values. The results show that the strain of weak grating with the diamond layout is larger than that with a linear layout under the same settlement condition, which means the sensitivity of the diamond layout method to settlement change is better than that of traditional linear layout. Furthermore, 10°~20° is the optimal angle interval of the diamond layout for weak grating, for the monitoring result error is low. Additionally, the inversion equation of weak grating wavelength change and segment displacement is established based on the test data of diamond layout with an angle of 15°.

The slope stability is bound to be affected in the blasting process of open-pit mine, especially when the slope is in the karst area. In order to study the influence of karst on slope stability under blasting and based on Tangya limestone mine slope project, this paper takes the exposed karst at the 1014 m platform of the mine as the research object, and uses ANSYS/LS-DYNA finite element analysis software to conduct numerical simulation. Considering the effect of blasting vibration, the stress distribution of the surrounding rock is obtained, and the effects of blasting on slope stress, vibration velocity, rock damage and effective stress of slope with or without karst cave are compared. The results show that the force of the bench changes and stress concentration occurs for several times due to the existence of karst caves, but the stress value generated by the bench loads is only 7.6 MPa, which still cannot reach the degree of rock mass destruction. For monitoring points at different spatial locations, the difference of vibration velocity becomes larger due to the existence of karst caves, and the vibration velocity in the vertical direction changes more than that in the horizontal direction. In particular, the spatial locations of the monitoring points near the slope edge are more sensitive to this situation. The vibration velocity difference of the monitoring points on the slope edge is about 1 cm/s at most, which does not exceed the allowable vibration velocity. In the process of increasing blasting times, the damage inside the rock mass is also gradually increasing, and the damage is more obvious under the influence of karst caves. The larger the radius of karst area, the more blasting times, the more serious the damage. Compared with previous uniaxial compressive strength experiments, it is found that although the existence of karst caves will cause the change of stress value and stress concentration phenomenon, the peak effective stress generated is far lower than the uniaxial compressive strength of rock mass. In view of the influence of blasting process on slope stability, the support treatment measures of slope in karst area are put forward.