In order to study the soil moisture dynamics and irrigation regimes during the growth period of dwarfing apples in arid and saline-alkali areas, five irrigation treatments (W1: 0.6W3, W2: 0.8W3, W3: 22.5 mm, W4: 1.2W3, W5: 1.4W3) were set up in the southern Xinjiang region. A three-year (2019-2021) field plot experiment of dwarf apple in southern Xinjiang was carried out, and the HYDRUS-1D model was used to simulate the measured data of soil moisture. The root soil moisture transport pattern, root zone soil moisture stress, apple root water absorption capacity, and water deep percolation pattern were analyzed by numerical simulation to evaluate the model’s applicability to actual production in arid saline-alkali areas. Through the simulation analysis of 66 irrigation regimes, it was found that the simulated values of soil moisture content and nitrogen were in good agreement with the measured values, and the values of determination coefficient (R2), root mean square error (RMSE), and consistency index (d) were within a reasonable range. When the sum of soil water stress and deep percolation was between 19.81-21.11 mm, the water loss of farmland reached the minimum. Considering the optimal moisture dynamic analysis in the apple root zone, the recommended irrigation system was 19 times of irrigation, an irrigation quota of 27-36 mm, and an irrigation cycle of 6 d. Through the research results and model simulation, the theoretical basis can be provided for the optimization of irrigation system for dwarf rootstock apple in arid and saline-alkali areas.
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Open Access
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Climate change has limited crop productivity worldwide. Understanding crop response to global climate changes is vital to maintaining agricultural sustainable development. A two-year experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of warming and drought on crop growth and winter wheat yield production. The results showed that both warming and drought shortened the crop growth period, reduced the leaf area index, and increased winter wheat biomass accumulation. Under sufficient water supply conditions, warming would increase photosynthetic and transpiration rates and water use efficiency, while under water deficit conditions, the opposite was observed. Under warming conditions, the grain yield of the water deficit treatment was 8.9% lower than that of the sufficient water supply treatment. Under non-warming conditions, the grain yield of water deficit treatment was 12.4% lower than that of the sufficient water supply. Under the conditions of water-sufficient supply, the grain yield of the warming treatment was 4.4% lower than that of the non-warming treatment, and under the conditions of water deficit, the grain yield of the warming treatment was 1.3% lower than that of the non-warming treatment. Warming tends to decrease wheat growth and grain yield, but sufficient water supply could improve winter wheat’s water use efficiency and reduce the warming limitation on wheat production.
Revealing the mechanisms of saline-fresh water rotation irrigation that affected the leaf ultrastructure and photosynthetic characteristics of tomato plants was benefit to optimize the strategy of saline water irrigation of greenhouse tomatoes.
In this paper, the local conventional tomato variety “Mingzhu” was used as the material to carry out a two-year trial of saline and fresh water irrigation in greenhouses in the southern Xinjiang region from 2022 to 2023. The four treatments consisted of rotation irrigation with four times saline-fresh water (W1), rotation irrigation with two times saline water and two times fresh water (W2), rotation irrigation with two times fresh water, four times saline water, and two times fresh water (W3), and freshwater irrigation as a control (CK). The three rotation patterns had the same amount of saline water and fresh water. The effects of saline and alkaline stress produced by saline and freshwater rotational irrigation on the ultrastructure, chlorophyll content, stomatal characteristics, gas exchange parameters, and yield of facility tomato leaves were mainly investigated.
The results indicated that the saline-alkali stress introduced by saline water significantly reduced the gas exchange parameters of tomato leaves and water use efficiency at the leaf scale, and both stomatal and non-stomatal factors played a key role in limiting leaf gas exchange. Tomato leaves not only adapted quickly to salinity stress by reducing individual stomatal openings, but also improved gas exchange efficiency by regulating stomatal density and stomatal shape through long-term stomatal differentiation and development. Compared with the CK treatment, the stomatal density of the leaves under W1, W2, and W3 treatments increased by 22.8%, 43.0% and 13.8%, respectively, and the stomatal width was reduced by 54.6%, 77.8%, and 13.7%, respectively; under the influence of soil salinity stress, compared with CK treatment, the chloroplast granular lamellae structure was disrupted in tomato leaves under W1 and W2. Compared with CK, W1 and W2 decreased leaf chlorophyll content by 6.2% and 11.8%, net photosynthetic rate by 16.3% and 26.2%, and yield by 45.3% and 52.5%, and the maximum leaf area index was 20.8% and 27.5% lower than that in the same period of CK treatment, respectively. In contrast, W3 presented a relatively intact mesophyll cell structure and relatively high chlorophyll content and photosynthetic efficiency, W3 only increased the average single fruit weight by 6.5%, fruit diameter by 6.0% and the yield by 0.7%, with no significant differences compared with CK.
By comprehensive analysis of physiological changes and yield of tomato, irrigation of saline water in the flowering and fruiting period-fruit expansion period of tomato, the other reproductive stages of freshwater irrigation, to mitigate the adverse effects of saline water irrigation on the growth of tomato, W3 treatment was recommended as a facility in the southern Xinjiang region of the synergistic use of saline-fresh water irrigation of tomato.
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