Flash synthesis (FSyn) represents an innovative and energy-efficient approach for ceramic preparation. However, the limited understanding of the phase evolution mechanisms makes it challenging to optimize the synthesis parameters, hindering application development. Here, the FSyn of LiCoO₂ cathodes using CoO as the cobalt source is investigated, providing important insights into the mechanisms of phase evolution and the role of environmental factors. In situ thermal monitoring and phase analysis revealed that the thermodynamic regulation of sample temperature was crucial for the formation of intermediates, such as Li_xCo_1−xO. Concurrently, the exchange of oxygen with the surrounding environment controls the oxidation reaction processes and impacts the synthesis rate. In addition, the oxygen vacancies enhance the reaction kinetics by accelerating mass transfer. On the basis of these findings, three effective strategies have been developed to produce pure LiCoO₂: (1) reducing the current density to lower the sample temperature and limit intermediate formation, (2) increasing the oxygen partial pressure to accelerate CoO oxidation and facilitate intermediate transformation, and (3) extending the holding time to ensure reaction completion. This work not only clarifies the FSyn mechanism of LiCoO₂ but also offers a practical reference for optimizing the synthesis of other advanced ceramics.

Large ships and submarines are the main equipment and mobile platforms supporting three-dimensional naval space operations. However, with the increasing damage power and strike accuracy of warheads, plus the diversity of destroying elements, their living environment is facing increasingly severe threats. It is thus necessary to work on the damage and protection of naval vessels subjected to blast loading. The blast-induced damage and protection of naval vessels is an interdisciplinary issue that involves the integration of explosion mechanics, fluid mechanics, structural mechanics, materials science and other disciplines in which many challenges are yet to be addressed. In view of some of the key issues involved, this paper systematically summarizes the research progress on blast load characteristics, damage mechanisms and protection technologies and equipment at home and abroad in recent years. The shortcomings of the current research are pointed out and the development trends of ship explosion damage and protection are predicted. This study can provide valuable references for future research on the efficient damage and protection of naval vessels.