Development of individual building in existing district is common in high-density cities due to the limited space. Such development affects the local microclimate naturally, but the interaction is ignored in current building design practices. In this study, a comprehensive and systematic analysis is conducted to investigate the mutual impacts between new individual building design and local microclimate considering the interaction, and to identify the major influential building parameters on both local microclimate and building energy performance in subtropical urban area. A large number of high-resolution microclimate and building simulations are performed based on advanced GIS spatial analysis techniques under different building designs for the assessment of mutual impacts. A global sensitivity analysis is conducted to identify the major influential building parameters. The results show that different building designs lead to significant variation of local wind velocity (i.e., −0.95 to +4.51 m/s) and air temperature (i.e., −0.60 to +1.17 K), while the local microclimate results in a change in the building energy consumption from −41.75 to 291.54 kJ/m². The major influential parameters on both pedestrian thermal discomfort and building energy performance are building height and overall heat transfer coefficient of the building envelope. This study provides valuable references for new building or rebuilding design in order to facilitate carbon neutrality and enhance thermal comfort in urban area.

The increasing demand for cooling energy in data centers has become a global concern. Existing studies lack a comprehensive analysis of the energy performance of widely used multi-chiller cooling systems in air-cooled data centers throughout their lifecycle,especially concerning progressive loading. To bridge this gap,this study conducts a thorough assessment of the energy performance of multi-chiller cooling systems throughout the entire lifecycle. Additionally,the impact of climate conditions on the energy efficiency of the cooling systems is analyzed,considering design variations for typical climates. Multi-chiller cooling system models are developed using the test data of cooling equipment and typical control algorithms. The energy performance of the cooling system is thoroughly analyzed under full-range cooling loads and climate conditions. Results show that free cooling time could differ up to 1442 hours at different part load ratios in the same location. Furthermore,the cooling system’s coefficient of performance (COP) varies significantly,by up to 6,at different part load ratios,corresponding to a difference in power usage effectiveness (PUE) up to 0.14. Notably,the average cooling system COP throughout the lifecycle loading is found to be only 11.7,2.9 lower than the design system COP.