The risk and thermal safety characteristics of GX kerosene, HX kerosene and WX kerosene are studied. Firstly, the explosion lower limits of three kinds of kerosene steams are tested by using the self-made explosion limit measuring system. Then differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) is employed to perform linear heating experiment on kerosene to analyze its thermal decomposition characteristics. The pyrolysis kinetic parameters of three kinds of kerosene are calculated based on the thermal dynamic methods. The experimental results show that the flash point and lower explosion limit of GX kerosene are relatively low. The DSC test shows that the lowest initial decomposition temperature of HX kerosene is 116.5 ℃. According to pyrolysis kinetics calculation, the

Ammonia (NH₃) is an important component of low-carbon energy systems, which are often blended with hydrogen (H₂) to optimize energy utilization efficiency and operated under fuel-rich conditions to reduce nitrogen oxide (NO_x) generation. However, the potential explosion safety risks of NH₃/H₂/air cannot be ignored. In this study, the explosion process of NH₃/H₂/air premixed gases under fuel-rich conditions is investigated, with a focus on H₂ volume fractions of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. The variations in pressure and venting flame characteristics during the process of explosion are analyzed. Moreover, the reaction mechanism of the fuel-rich NH₃/H₂/air system is analyzed from a microscopic perspective through the use of the reactive force field molecular dynamics method. The results indicate that with increasing proportion of H₂ in the fuel-rich mixture, the maximum explosion pressure (p_max) and the maximum rate of pressure rise ((dp/dt)_max) decrease. At 5%, p_max and (dp/dt)_max are 0.22 MPa and 8.10 MPa·s⁻¹, respectively. The first venting flame lengthens at first and then shortens, whereas the length and velocity of the second venting flame increase. On a microscopic level, the addition of H₂ reduces the decomposition rate of NH₃, increases the generation frequency of •OH and •H in the system, and significantly decreases the amount of NO_x produced. Through the analysis of explosion venting and molecular dynamics reaction mechanisms, this study provides strong support for the safe and efficient practical application of fuel-rich NH₃/H₂/air mixtures in the energy sector.

The production and utilization of high-energetic explosives often pose a range of safety hazards, with sensitivity being a key factor in evaluating these risks. To investigate how temperature, particle size, and air humidity affect the responsiveness of commonly used high-energetic explosives, a series of BAM(Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung) impact and friction sensitivity tests were carried out to determine the critical impact energy and critical load pressure of four representative high-energetic explosives (RDX, HMX, PETN and CL-20) under different temperatures, particle sizes, and air humidity conditions. The experimental findings facilitated an examination of temperature and particle size affecting the sensitivity of high-energetic explosives, along with an assessment of the influence of air humidity on sensitivity testing. The results clearly indicate that high-energetic explosives display a substantial decline in critical reaction energy when subjected to micrometre-sized particles and an air humidity level of 45% at a temperature of 90 ℃. Furthermore, it was noted that the critical reaction energy of high-energetic explosives diminishes with an increase in temperature within 25 ℃-90 ℃. In the same vein, as the particle sizes of high-energetic explosives increase, so does the critical reaction energy for micrometre-sized particles. High air humidity significantly affects the sensitivity testing of high-energetic explosives, emphasizing the importance of refraining from conducting sensitivity tests in such conditions.

To study the explosion equivalent of DT-3 and its influencing factors caused by fire stimulus during storage, transportation and use, the propagate detonation ability of that was studied by the extremely insensitive to detonating substances(EIDS) gap test. High-speed cameras and a shock wave pressure acquisition system were utilized to obtain information on the deflagration processes and shock wave hazards of DT-3 under external flame effect. Additionally, an infrared thermal imager was employed to determine the highest temperature of the surface fireball. Further calculations were conducted to determine the explosive TNT equivalent of 18 kg and 120 kg DT-3 samples. The experimental results indicate that direct exposure to a strong shockwave does not cause DT-3 propagation detonation. However, different packing strengths can lead to deflagration events under external fire conditions, potentially resulting in an overall detonation reaction. The average TNT equivalents for standard packaged 18 kg and 120 kg DT-3 samples were found to be 0.629 and 0.0293 respectively. Furthermore, there is no positive correlation between the scale effect and shock wave impact. Under fire stimulus conditions, package design strength significantly influences the explosive characteristics of DT-3. To enhance safety measures, it is recommended that package design strength be reduced within acceptable limits for actual usage in order to effectively mitigate the risk of detonation hazard.