This study investigated the effect and mechanism of Capparis spinosa L. fruit n-butanol extract(CSBE) on the maturation of dendritic cell(DC). DC was treated with 1, 2, 3 mg·mL⁻¹ CSBE. DC surface molecule expression, antigen phagocytosis and cytokine secretion were determined by flow cytometry and ELISA to verify DC maturity. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS) was used to identify anti-inflammatory components of CSBE and network pharmacology was utilized to analyze their targets related to rheumatoid arthritis(RA). String database and Cytoscape 3.7.2 software were utilized to construct protein-protein interaction(PPI) network maps of the key targets, and Metascape platform was used for GO and KEGG enrichment analysis and western blot was used to identify the expression of related proteins. The experiment results showed that CSBE alone had no significant effect on the expression of DC co-stimulatory molecules and cytokines, but significantly inhibited the expression of CD40 and CD86, matrix metalloproteinases MMP9 and MMP13, and the secretion of TNF-α and IL-6 induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharides(LPS). CSBE also increased antigen phagocytosis of DC. There were 49 anti-inflammatory compounds in the positive ion mode of LC-MS, and 42 anti-inflammatory compounds in the negative ion mode. Common core targets include AKT1, TNF, SRC and MMP9. Among them, organic acids are mainly associated with Th17-related biological processes such as helper T cell differentiation, Th17 helper cell differentiation, Th17 type immune response, et al.. It involves PI3K-AKT signaling pathway, Th17 cell differentiation, HIF-1 signaling pathway, and IL-17 signaling pathway related to RA. CSBE can inhibit the maturation of DC and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and inhibit DC migration by reducing the expression of MMP, thus exerting the function of immunosuppression and treatment of RA.