Cloud water plays an important role in the global atmospheric water cycle and weather modification, but cloud is one of the most uncertain parameters in the study of weather and climate. The cloud water products from different data sources may have considerable discrepancies. In this study, the total cloud liquid water (termed as cloud liquid water path, LWP) obtained from satellite observations [Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI) and Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR)] and three sets of modern reanalysis data (ERA5, JRA-55, and MERRA-2) are compared and analyzed. Moreover, characteristics of vertical distributions of cloud liquid water content (LWC) in different regions over East Asia are analyzed by using the profile data from the reanalyses. The main findings are as follows: (1) in extensive warm marine clouds, AHI and AMSR have a good agreement (with the correlation coefficient larger than 0.7) but with an overestimation from AHI; (2) under warm cloud conditions, the LWP in ERA5 shows a significant positive bias (about 0.065 kg m⁻²) over land, while MERRA-2 is closer to the satellite product compared with ERA5 and JRA-55; and (3) Southwest China (SW) is the area with most abundant LWC. The LWC is mainly concentrated in the middle and lower troposphere in the study area, and the LWC in ERA5 is higher than that in MERRA-2 and JRA-55. Overall, satellite observations and reanalyses exhibit significant inconsistency for cloud LWP, which needs further investigation and understanding.

In order to understand the characteristics of Cloud Water Resource (CWR) in Northwest China and scientifically plan the layout of air water resource for artificial precipitation stimulation development, the 1°×1° CWR observation diagnostic evaluation dataset in China from 2000 to 2019 is used to statistically analyze the distribution and evolution of CWR in Northwest China. The linear fitting and empirical orthogonal decomposition methods are employed. The results show that: (1) Over the entire area, physical quantities related to CWR (including state quantity, plain discharge, total amount and precipitation efficiency) are mainly the highest in summer, followed that that in spring and autumn, and the lowest in winter. Among them, the total CWR in spring is about 173.6 billion t (equivalent to about 51.2 mm column water), which is close to that in summer. The precipitation efficiency of hydrometeors in spring is 48.7%, and the development potential of CWR is greater than that in autumn. (2) Calculation results in the 1°×1° grids of the region indicate that spatial distributions of annual total CWR, annual total water vapor and annual total hydrometeors in the past 20 years are characterized by a "two highs and one low" pattern due to the influences of terrain and circulations. The high values are located in the marginal regions affected by the westerly jet and monsoon, while the low values are mainly distributed in the plateau climate region. (3) In the past 20 years, the annual total CWR at the 1°×1° grids in the Northwest China has been increasing at an average rate of 23.6 mm/a, and the increase trend is the most significant in spring with a growth rate of 8.5 mm/a. In terms of seasonal distribution, the CWR is the highest in summer, followed by that in spring and autumn, and the least in winter. The precipitation efficiency of hydrometeors is high in summer, low in spring and autumn, and lowest in winter. (4) The contribution rate of the first EOF decomposition mode (EOF1) of CWR is about 78.2%. The distribution feature is that the eastern part of the region is relatively high. An interannual turning point occurred in 2008, when the distribution pattern of more CWR in the east and less in the west began to change. (5) In typical areas of Northwest China, the annual total CWR and precipitation efficiency of the annual average pass point in the Tianshan mountains are higher than those in the Qilian mountains, and the CWR in the Qilian mountains is increasing, while the Tianshan mountains are decreasing.