The symptoms of allergic airway disease are impacted by the interplay of gut microbiota, which may be modulated by probiotics. This study aimed to investigate the potential anti-inflammatory effects of three lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on allergic asthma through modulation of the gut microbiota. Ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthmatic mice were treated with three LAB strains, and their gut microbiota profiles were analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from mice fed with Lactobacillus rhamnosus RL-H3-005 was administered to OVA-induced asthmatic mice. The results demonstrated that RL-H3-005 effectively reduced inflammatory infiltrates in the lung and colon, as well as suppressed cytokine levels associated with allergic asthma compared to other strains. In addition, the supplementation of RL-H3-005 modulated the composition of gut microbiota in mice with allergic asthma. FMT results further supported the notion that modulating the gut microbiota with RL-H3-005 plays a crucial role in attenuating airway inflammatory symptoms in allergic asthma.