As the transition to renewable energy accelerates, sodium metal batteries have emerged as a viable and economical substitute for lithium-ion technology. The unstable solid electrolyte interphase on sodium metal anodes continues to provide a significant challenge to attaining long-term cycle stability and safety. Natural solid electrolyte interphase layers frequently demonstrate inadequate mechanical integrity and deficient ionic conductivity, resulting in dendritic formation, diminished Coulombic efficiency, and capacity degradation. Creating artificial solid electrolyte interphases has emerged as an essential remedy to address these restrictions. This review offers an extensive analysis of artificial solid electrolyte interphases techniques for sodium metal batteries, emphasizing their creation mechanisms, material selection, and structural design. The research highlights the significance of fluoride-based materials, multi-layered solid electrolyte interphase structures, and polymer composites in mitigating dendrite development and improving interfacial stability. Advanced characterization techniques, including microscopy and spectroscopy, are emphasized for examining the microstructure and ion transport properties of artificial solid electrolyte interphases layers. Additionally, density functional theory simulations are examined to forecast ideal material compositions and ion migration paths. This study seeks to inform future developments in artificial solid electrolyte interphases engineering to facilitate enhanced performance, safety, and market viability of sodium metal batteries. Artificial solid electrolyte interphases facilitate next-generation sustainable energy storage systems through new interface designs and integrated analysis.

Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are regarded as one of the most promising candidates for next-generation high-energy-density storage systems due to their superior energy density, cost-effectiveness, and environmental friendliness. However, several critical challenges impede their practical application, including the shuttle effect, low conductivity, and volume expansion. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄), with its unique structure and properties, offers potential advantages in catalysis, polarization inhibition, electron conductivity, and sulfurization resistance, which may address these issues. This review concentrates on applying g-C₃N₄ material to enhance Li-S battery performance. The research progress on g-C₃N₄ in this context is explored from two primary perspectives: the modification of g-C₃N₄ itself and its compounding with other materials. Regarding the modification of g-C₃N₄, the focus is on defect engineering and the nanocrystallization of its structure. In terms of composites, the review examines the use of g-C₃N₄ doped with metals, non-metals, graphene, porous carbon, and heterojunctions in electrodes and electrolytes. Ultimately, this review proposes strategies for the rational design of g-C₃N₄ materials to optimize their application in Li-S batteries. Reviewing the current research progress and trends aims to provide new insights and directions for future research in the field.