Bioactive peptides have various excellent biological activities and serve as functional foods to prevent chronic diseases in the human body. This article investigated the regulatory effect of egg white peptides (EPs) on the intestine barrier of young mice with colitis. The results showed that the intake of EPs could protect the intestines from inflammation damage. Besides, the expression of tight junction proteins and mucin is upregulated. Markedly, the intake of EPs can increase the concentration of amino acids in the serum of young mice, which is crucial for nutritional supplementation during intestinal inflammation process. Proteomics analysis implied that EPs can regulate protein expression in the intestine, involving multiple inflammatory pathways including phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-protein kinase B (AKT) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. This demonstrated the health benefits of bioactive peptides and provides a theoretical basis for the development of animal derived proteins as functional foods.