Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is an emerging tumor ablation technique that induces permanent damage to cellular membranes through the application of high‐intensity short‐duration electrical pulses. This process results in the formation of nanoscale pores within the cell membrane, and when the electric field exceeds a critical threshold, these pores become permanent, leading to the disruption of cellular homeostasis and ultimately initiating programmed cell death. The ability of IRE to selectively target tumor cells while preserving the adjacent neural and vascular structures makes it a promising approach to the treatment of solid tumors, including those of the liver, pancreas, and prostate. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the foundational research and clinical translation of IRE‐based tumor ablation technologies, with a particular focus on electrode optimization. In addition, we explore the potential for the use of IRE in combination with immunotherapy or other emerging treatment modalities. It is anticipated that the integration of technological advancements in IRE devices with personalized treatment strategies will enhance the precision and efficacy of tumor ablation.

Pulsed field ablation (PFA), a non-thermal ablation technique that induces cell death via irreversible electroporation, has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy for treating tumors located in anatomically complex regions. This review comprehensively examines recent developments in PFA, including its mechanisms foundations, established clinical applications in pancreatic, prostate and liver cancer, and expanding utility with other tumors, etc. Furthermore, we discuss synergistic approaches combining PFA with chemotherapy, immunotherapy, surgery and radiotherapy to augment therapeutic outcomes. In addition, technological innovations—such as robotic assistance, magnetic anchoring, and artificial intelligence—that improve precision and reproducibility are also explored. Despite encouraging clinical results, broader implementation of PFA necessitates higher-quality evidence from large-scale randomized trials and standardized treatment protocols. This review highlights the transformative potential of PFA in oncology while addressing contemporary challenges and future research directions to facilitate clinical translation.

Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is an innovative non-thermal ablation technique increasingly utilized in cancer treatment due to its unique operational principles and clinical advantages. As a novel interventional ultrasound technology, IRE has undergone extensive research, development, and practical application over the years. IRE ablation, particularly in conjunction with immunotherapy, has emerged as a significant modality in cancer treatment and related fields. This article aims to present the advancements in irreversible electroporation ablation for cancer through an examination of both basic research and clinical applications.

Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) has become more recognized in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Fat containing HCC often presents as hyper-echoic in gray scale ultrasound and confuses the diagnosis. Here we showed a case of fat containing HCC which was diagnosed by CEUS with Sonazoid, and its histopathologic features, immunohistochemical profile, surgical treatment, patient’s follow up information were also presented.

The complications of thyroid fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) have been long observed, but the knowledge of some rare complications is still improved. In this case report, a rare complication of acute transient thyroid swelling (ATS) shortly after FNAB was reported for the first time in the Chinese mainland. The patient showed an obvious swelling of the neck and suffered from acute pain less than 20 minutes after aspiration. Immediate thyroid ultrasound examination showed diffuse swelling of the entire thyroid gland with heterogeneous echo changes. 17 hours later, the repeated examination showed the thyroid was restored. Pathology of FNAB showed some atypical thyroid follicular epithelium and the final pathology showed it was papillary carcinoma. We also reviewed the literature and preliminary concluded that ATS was a sudden and rare complication of FNAB with a rapid self-repair result, while the reason for ATS was still unknown and further puncture for the diffuse altered area is necessary to explore the physiopathologic mechanism.