Approximately 2.5% of the global population experience allergic reactions to seafood, making it one of the most prevalent and life-threatening allergies. Seafood allergy can lead to the disruption of the intestinal barrier, possibly due to aberrant intestinal glycosylation. In this study, the mechanisms underlying seafood allergy were explored through the lens of intestinal glycobiology. Mice were sensitized with tropomyosin, resulting in significant increases in allergy symptom scores, specific antibody and T helper 2 cytokine levels. Intestinal damage was confirmed by histopathology, as well as by assessments and levels of diamine oxidase and claudin-1. Moreover, alterations in glycosylated proteins within the jejunum were analyzed using high-throughput mass spectrometry and the pGlyco3.0 search engine. Precision N-glycoproteomics analysis yielded 2283 glycosylation peptides corresponding to 655 unique glycosylation sites on 399 proteins. Differential expression and enrichment analyses revealed that differentially expressed glycoproteins were significantly enriched in the extracellular matrix (ECM)-receptor interaction pathway and focal adhesion pathway. In conclusion, tropomyosin sensitization leads to intestinal glycome changes, accompanied by remodeling of the intestinal ECM. Our research establishes an essential theoretical basis for targeting the intestinal glycome and ECM remodeling in a precise and fine-tuned manner for the treatment of food allergies.

Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic disease characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and relative insulin deficiency. As the disease progresses, type 2 diabetes often develop pathological changes in the liver such as inflammatory edema, fatty degeneration and liver fibrosis, which can develop into cirrhosis and, in severe cases, even liver cancer. Ginsenosides, the major bioactive components of the ginseng plant, show significant pharmacological effects on alleviating type 2 diabetic blood glucose disorders and liver damage. Their mechanism of action is mainly by regulating liver glucose and lipid metabolism, improving insulin sensitivity, and reducing hepatocyte apoptosis through the alleviation oxidative stress and the inhibition of inflammatory responses, thereby effectively alleviating liver damage and promoting liver function recovery. This article provides a systematic review of the effects and mechanisms of ginsenosides on alleviating diabetic liver injury and briefly outlines the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetic liver lesions, with the aim to provide a theoretical basis and practical reference for further investigating the hypoglycemic mechanism of ginsenosides and developing hypoglycemic and hepatoprotective drugs.