The development of smart windows based on electrochromic technology offers a promising route to reduce building energy consumption. However, conventional magnetron-sputtered inorganic electrochromic films, though robust and industrially compatible, suffer from intrinsically sluggish ion transport and limited optical modulation due to their compact morphology, a long-standing bottleneck restricting their practical performance. Here, we report a lunar crater-inspired nanostructuring strategy that creates vertically aligned and depth-tunable crater arrays within amorphous magnetron-sputtered electrochromic films without compromising their mechanical and structural integrity. These craters extend through the full thickness of the film to the underlying conductive electrode, establishing continuous three-dimensional (3D) lateral pathways for rapid ion diffusion. Using tungsten oxide (WO₃) as a representative model, the resulted crater-like nanostructured WO₃ films present markedly enhanced electrochromic performance, significantly surpassing previously reported values for sputtered inorganic films. Notably, the progressive ions efficiently insert into entire WO₃ films along the 3D lateral to complete a full coloring switch and obtain a superior transmittance of only 2.23%. Additionally, the shortened ion transport pathways enabled by the 3D lateral diffusion in synergy with vertical injection largely accelerate the ion diffusion and migration processes, boasting a rapid switching time and a remarkable optical modulation exceeding 89.19% coloring in just 5.4 s. This work overcomes the fundamental trade-off between switching speed and optical contrast in conventional dense electrochromic layers and provides a universal platform for designing high-performance ion-involved solid-state devices through nanostructural engineering.

Quasi-two-dimensional perovskite light-emitting diodes (quasi-2D PeLEDs) are emerging as high-potential candidates for new generation of wide-color gamut displays due to their simple, low-cost solution process, and high color purity. However, the luminescence performance of quasi-2D perovskite films is severely limited by dispersed phase distribution and excessive defect density, which are caused by excessive diffusion of nucleation sites during the perovskite growth stage. Here, the benzylphosphonic acid (BPA) molecule, owing to its strong P–O–Pb bond energy sites and strong electronegativity to PEA⁺, can aggregate lead-halide octahedron to grow high-dimensional phases, avoiding scattered low-dimensional phases (n = 1). The continuous gradient phase distribution will be beneficial to smooth carrier injection and effectively suppress the leakage current in PeLEDs. Meanwhile, the introduction of phosphonic acid groups will fill the vacancies of Pb ions and reduce non-radiative recombination. As a result, the maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of PeLEDs can be increased from 8% to 20.6% with a 514 nm light emission and a 21 nm full-width half maximum, and the device lifetime (T₅₀) is nearly 6-fold of the pristine sample. In addition, this strategy is also suitable for other wavelength. For example, in blue light, performance improvement is also realized that the maximum EQE of 8% and the luminance increased from 1045 to 5264 cd/m². These results provide a feasible strategy to regulate the phase distribution and passivate the defects of quasi-2D perovskites.