A thermoelectric generator (TEG) is a one of thermo electric conversion device that operates based on the heat difference between the two surfaces of a device. In a TEG, the power generation varies owing to various ambiences, sources, and loads. These variables make it difficult to draw available power from the device, leading to poor utilization of the TEG. To overcome these drawbacks, maximum power tracking technique (MPPT) can be employed in TEG. A modified PEMPPT scheme is developed to track the maximum power point (MPP) when there is a change in the operating conditions, and is based on a parabolic curve of the power current characteristics of the TEG. The proposed algorithm is developed by considering two features. First, the reduction in tracking time by a sample compared with the PEMPPT algorithm by considering a new shifted point as the first duty. Second, the sign of the voltage is checked to limit the voltage, current, and power by applying the next duties close to the MPP. The proposed system is simulated and experimentally verified using a laboratory prototype. The simulation and experimental results show that the tracking time of the proposed algorithm is almost 3/4th of PEMPPT.

The output power generation of a photovoltaic (PV) array reduces under partial shading, resulting in multiple local maxima in the PV characteristics and inaccurate tracking of the global maximum power point (GMPP). Various interconnection schemes are available to reduce power losses under partial shading. In this study, a primary key algorithm is proposed for distributing shading across an array. This method is suitable for any n×n PV array configuration and involves fewer calculations and variables, leading to reduced computational complexity. The power generations of a 9×9 PV array under four different shading conditions were compared with the configurations of: total cross-tied (TCT) and Su Du Ku, physical relocation and fixed column position of modules with fixed electrical connection (PRFCPM-FEC), and magic square (MS) and improved-odd-even-prime (IOEP). The advantage of the proposed method is that once the primary key elements are obtained, the remaining array elements are numbered in a simpler manner. The results obtained using the proposed arrangement show that the power is enhanced with reference to the TCT and is comparable to the Su Do Ku, PRFCPM-FEC, MS, and IOEP reconfigurations.